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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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Global spending on health: Emerging from the pandemic

World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) CC

The Global Health Expenditure Report delves into the intricate landscape of global economies and health systems. This year, it focuses on health spending in 2022, the third year of the COVID-19 pandemic. It shows how countries around the world responded to the health and economic shocks of the pande... more

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World Drug Report 2019 Booklet 1 Executive summary / Policy implications

United Nations Office on Drug and Crime UNODOC (2022) C1

The World Drug Report 2022 is aimed not only at fostering greater international cooperation to counter the impact of the world drug problem on health, governance and security, but also, with its special insights, at assisting Member States in anticipating and address-ing threats from drug markets an... more

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2015 Health Facility Assessment for Reproductive Health Commodities and Services

The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Health and Sports, Department of Medical Research, Department of Public Health, Department of Medical Services, UNFPA (2016) C1

The report is based on comprehensive information collected at representative sample health facilities all over the country by well-organized and trained teams during May and August 2015. This is a continuation of 2014 Assessment activities and findings also reflect comparison between two consecutive... more

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Health Products and Technologies, Supply Chain Strategy 2020 - 2025

Republic of Kenya, Ministry of Health (2021) CC

The Kenyan Health Sector has been playing a critical role in providing health care services in response to the population needs in line with the Kenya Health Policy, 2014-2030’s goal of attaining the highest possible health standards in a manner responsive to the population needs.

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Assessment of Sudan’s health information system 2020

World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO

Assessment Report

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Evaluation of WHO's contribution to maternal health in the South-East Asia Region

World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South-East-Asia (2016) C_WHO

The Report describes the evaluation of WHO's contribution to the Maternal Health Program in South-East Asia Region. This was an independent evaluation conducted in 2015 by Amaltas, a Delhi based organization. The evaluation highlights the progress in five countries, namely Bangladesh, Indonesia, Mya... more

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Implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005)

World Health Organization (2009)

Report of the Review Committee on the Functioning of the International Health Regulations (2005) in relation to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009

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State of Health in the WHO African Region
recommended

World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office African Region (2018) C_WHO

This report is not a country scorecard. Rather, its purpose is to act as a compass to guide progress towards health in the SDGs. There has been a significant improvement in the state of health in the region with healthy life expectancy - time spent in full health - in the region increasing from 50... more

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Public Spending on Health: A Closer Look at Global Trends

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2018) C_WHO

The 2018 global health financing report presents health spending data for all WHO Member States between 2000 and 2016 based on the SHA 2011 methodology. It shows a transformation trajectory for the global spending on health, with increasing domestic public funding and declining external financing. T... more

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Health as the pulse of the new urban agenda

World Health Organization WHO (2016) C_WHO

This report considers how to integrate health into urban planning, investments, and policy decisions, so as to support the implementation and achievement of the goals and objectives of the New Urban Agenda.

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Public health dimension of the world drug problem

World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO

Report by the Director-General. 75th World health assembly 25 April 2022

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Bangladesh Health Facility Survey 2014
recommended

NIPORT; Ministry of Health Bangladesh; ACPR; ISCF (2016) C1

Final Report

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Health at a Glance: Latin America and the Caribbean 2020

OECD; The World Bank (2020) C1

Thefirst report on Latin America and the Carribean presents key indicators on health and health systems in 33 Latin America and the Caribbean countries. . Analysis is based on the latest comparable data across almost 100 indicators including equity, health status, determinants of health, health car... more

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Primary Protection: Enhancing Health Care Resilience for a Changing Climate

Robin G. and J. Balbus (2014) CC

Best Practices Report.PART 1 Primary Protection: Enhancing Health Care Resilience for a Changing Climatei Primary Protection: EnhancingU.S. Department of Health and Human Services

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Improving Infection Prevention and Control Practices at Health Facilities in Resource-Limited Settings
recommended

Wonder Goredema Jane Briggs Mupela Ntengu, et al. USAID; SIAPS (2016) C1

SIAPS Technical Report. This report summarizes key accomplishments and lessons learned in implementing SIAPS’ approach to improving IPC practices in four countries: South Africa, Namibia, Jordan, and Ethiopia. All activities address SIAPS’s overall objective to build or enhance national and faci... more

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World Alzheimer Report 2019

Prince, M., and J. Jackson Alzheimer's Disease International (2019) C2

Some of the key findings of the report include: Almost 80% of the general public are concerned about developing dementia at some point and 1 in 4 people think that there is nothing we can do to prevent dementia 35% of carers across the world said that they have hidden the diagnosis of de... more

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Investing in Mental Health: Evidence for Action

World Health Organization WHO (2013) C_WHO

In this report, potential reasons for this apparent contradiction between cherished human values and observed social actions are explored with a view to better formulating concrete steps that governments and other stakeholders can take to reshape social attitudes and public policy.

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The State of the World’s Children 2021: On My Mind: promoting, protecting and caring for children’s mental health. Summary

UN Children's Fund UNICEF (2021) C_UNICEF

According to the latest available estimates, more than 1 in 7 adolescents aged 10–19 is estimated to live with a diagnosed mental disorder globally. Almost 46,000 adolescents die from suicide each year, among the top five causes of death for their age group. Meanwhile, wide gaps persist between me... more

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Roadmap for Enhancing the implementation of One Plan, One Budget and One Report in Ethiopia

Catriona Waddington, Abebe Alebachew and Jarl Chabot (2012) C1

Consultancy to take forward the International Health Partnership

State of Health in the WHO African Region recommended

Bangladesh Health Facility Survey 2014 recommended

Improving Infection Prevention and Control Practices at Health Facilities in Resource-Limited Settings recommended

State of Health in the WHO African Region
recommended

Bangladesh Health Facility Survey 2014
recommended

Improving Infection Prevention and Control Practices at Health Facilities in Resource-Limited Settings
recommended