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Mpox Testing Strategy - November 2024

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Mpox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus closely related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Mpox was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research. The first human case was recorde...d in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort to eliminate smallpox and since then the infection has been reported in a number of African countries. Mpox can spread in humans through close contact, usually skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, with an infected person or animal, as well as with materials contaminated with the virus such as clothing, beddings and towels, and respiratory droplets in prolonged face to face contact. People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed. The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or through bites or scratches. Diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of material from a lesion for the virus’s DNA. Two separate clades of the mpox virus are currently circulating in Africa: Clade I, which includes subclades Ia and Ib, and Clade II, comprising subclades IIa and IIb. Clade Ia and Clade Ib have been associated with ongoing human-to-human transmission and are presently responsible for outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), while Clade Ib is also contributing to outbreaks in Burundi and other countries. In 2022‒2023 mpox caused a global outbreak in over 110 countries, most of which had no previous history of the disease, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission of clade II through sexual contact. In just over a year, over 90,000 cases and 150 deaths were reported to the WHO. For the second time since 2022, mpox has been declared a global health emergency as the virus spreads rapidly across the African continent. On 13 Aug 2024, Africa CDC declared the ongoing mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS), marking the first such declaration by the agency since its inception in 2017.7 This declaration empowered the Africa CDC to lead and coordinate responses to the mpox outbreak across affected African countries. On August 14, 2024, the WHO declared the resurgence of mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) emphasizing the need for coordinated international response. As of August 2024, Mpox has expanded beyond its traditional endemic regions, with new cases reported in countries including Sweden, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Sweden has confirmed its first case of Clade 1 variant, which has been rapidly spreading in Africa, particularly in DRC. The emergence of this new variant raises concerns about its potential for higher lethality and transmission rates outside Africa. more

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Global Experience of Community Health Workers for Delivery of Health Related Millennium Development Goals

Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Zohra S. Lassi, George Pariyo and Luis Huicho World Health Organization WHO; Global Health Workforce Alliance (2010) C_WHO

A Systematic Review, Country Case Studies, and Recommendations for Integration into National Health Systems Alliance Report Participation of community health workers (CHWs) in the provision of primary health care has been experienced all over the world for several decades, and there is an amount ... more

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Field Trials of Health Interventions: A Toolbox

Peter G. Smith, Richard H. Morrow, and David A. Ross (2015)

This version of Field Trials of Health Interventions includes seven new chapters on conducting systematic literature reviews, trial governance, preliminary studies and pilot testing, budgeting and accounting, intervention costing and economic analysis, and Phase IV studies. Before new interventions... more

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90-90-90 An ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic

UNAIDS UNAIDS (2014) C2

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS).

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Act Toolkit 2.0 - Advocacy for community Treatment

B. Killingo; T. Taro; E. Whyle; et al. ITPC (International Treatment Preparedness Coalition) (2016) C2

Strengthening Community responses to HIv Treatment and Prevention

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Biobehavioural Survey Guidelines

A. Abdul-Quader, M. Berry, T. Bingham; et al. UNAIDS; World Health Organization; fhi360; et al. (2017) C_WHO

Global HIV Strategic Information Working Group For Populations At Risk For HIV

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Forced Migration review

M. Couldrey; M. Herson University of Oxford; Refugee Study Centre; UNFPA; SSRC; UNAIDS (2010) C2

Supplement October 2010 HIV/AIDS, security and conflict: making the connections

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Resource Manual for SADC Parliamentarians

SADC Parliament Forum; ARASA AIDS & Human Rights Alliance for Southern Africa (2018) C1

SRHR, HIV AND AIDS Governance Manual

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Building Bridges

E. Toska, et al. Comic Relief; Health Poverty Action (2013) CC

Lessons and best practices in empowering pastoralist communities to prevent HIV infection and reduce the impact of AIDS in Ethiopia. Briefing Paper

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Are Key Populations Really the ‘KEY’ to Ending AIDS in Asia?

World Health Organization (South-East-Asia) World Health Organization (South-East-Asia) (2018) C_WHO

Putting Asia’s HIV response back on track

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Modelling an Optimised Investment Approach for Tajikistan

The Republic of Tajikistan; UNDP (2014) C2

Getting to Zero Sustainable Financing of National HIV Responses

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Cancer
recommended

Hellen Gelband,Jha Prabhat, Rengaswamy Sankaranarayanan et al. The World Bank (2015) C1

This volume presents the complex patterns of cancer incidence and death around the world and evidence on effective and cost-effective ways to control cancers. The Disease Control Priorities Volume 3 evaluation of cancer will indicate where cancer treatment is ineffective and wasteful, and offer alte... more

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Family Planning

IPPF ESEAOR, UNFPA (2008)

Training On The Misp For Sexual And Reproductive Health In Crisis Part 2

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Malawi Emergency Appeal (May - October 2020)

OCHA; UN RC Malawi; UNCT Malawi (2020) C2

Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) was declared a global pandemic on 11 March 2020, and Malawi declared its first case on 2 April. As of 30 April, there were 36 confirmed positive cases of COVID-19 and 3 deaths. A State of Disaster was declared by President Arthur Peter Mutharika on 20 March and a 21... more

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Nigeria Country Office 2021 Annual Report

World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO

This annual report highlights the work of the WHO from January to June 2021 ( December 2021). The activities featured herein are by no means exhausted but implemented with technical and financial support through WHO in Nigeria; facilitated by its presence at all levels of governance (national, state... more

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2020 Global AIDS Update ⁠— Seizing the moment ⁠— Tackling entrenched inequalities to end epidemics. Executive summary

UNAIDS (2020) C_WHO

The UNAIDS 2020 global report is a call to action. It highlights the scale of the HIV epidemic and how it runs along the fault lines of inequalities.

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Kenya Essential Medicines List 2019
recommended

Ministry of Health, Kenya (2019) C1

The Kenya Essential Medicines List 2019 is an indispensable guide to the medicines recommended for the management of common conditions in Kenya. It is primarily directed at health care providers and medicines supply managers in the public and non-public health sectors. It should be used together wit... more

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Behavioral Surveillance Survey Among Youth Aged 15 - 24 Years Rwanda - 2009

Ministry of Health, Rwanda & Rwanda Biomedical Centre (2010) C2

This report documents the findings from the Behavioral Surveillance Survey conducted among youuth aged 15-24 in Rwanda in 2009. The 2009 Youth BSS documented HIV knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (KAB) among youth in Rwanda. The data provided a cross-sectional look at the current HIV KAB among yo... more