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Diphtheria - Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Surveillance Standards

World Health Organization WHO (2018) C_WHO

Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium species, mostly by toxin-producing Corynebacterium diphtheriae and rarely by toxin-producing strains of C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis. The most common type of diphtheria is classic respiratory diphtheria, whereby the exotoxin produced characteristicall... more

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Guidelines for Addressing Disease Risks in Wildlife Trade

World Organisation for Animal Health WOAH (2024) CC

For thousands of years, humans have been using wildlife for commercial and subsistence purposes. Wildlife trade takes place at local, national and international levels, with different forms of wildlife, such as live animals, partly processed products and finished products. Wildlife is a vital source... more

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) educational video

Zoonotic and Emerging Diseases Research team (2019) C2

Please note that this video is also available on youtube , with the minor addition of the Coat of Arms of the Republic of Kenya in the credits, as it is now endorsed as part of national training activities for AMR in Kenya.

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Ede Kontwole Marengwen ki Simaye Viris Lafyèv Deng, Chikoungounya, ak Zika

National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (CDC) (2015) CC

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Ayude a controlar los mosquitos que transmiten los virus del dengue, chikungunya y Zika

National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (CDC) (2015) CC

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Contribuez à contrôler les moustiques qui transmettent la dengue, le chikungunya et le Zika

National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (CDC) (2015) CC

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Ajude a controlar os mosquitos que transmitem os vírus da dengue, chikungunya e zika

National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (CDC) (2015) CC

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Mpox Testing Strategy - November 2024

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Mpox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus closely related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Mpox was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research. The first human case was recorde...d in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort to eliminate smallpox and since then the infection has been reported in a number of African countries. Mpox can spread in humans through close contact, usually skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, with an infected person or animal, as well as with materials contaminated with the virus such as clothing, beddings and towels, and respiratory droplets in prolonged face to face contact. People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed. The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or through bites or scratches. Diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of material from a lesion for the virus’s DNA. Two separate clades of the mpox virus are currently circulating in Africa: Clade I, which includes subclades Ia and Ib, and Clade II, comprising subclades IIa and IIb. Clade Ia and Clade Ib have been associated with ongoing human-to-human transmission and are presently responsible for outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), while Clade Ib is also contributing to outbreaks in Burundi and other countries. In 2022‒2023 mpox caused a global outbreak in over 110 countries, most of which had no previous history of the disease, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission of clade II through sexual contact. In just over a year, over 90,000 cases and 150 deaths were reported to the WHO. For the second time since 2022, mpox has been declared a global health emergency as the virus spreads rapidly across the African continent. On 13 Aug 2024, Africa CDC declared the ongoing mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS), marking the first such declaration by the agency since its inception in 2017.7 This declaration empowered the Africa CDC to lead and coordinate responses to the mpox outbreak across affected African countries. On August 14, 2024, the WHO declared the resurgence of mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) emphasizing the need for coordinated international response. As of August 2024, Mpox has expanded beyond its traditional endemic regions, with new cases reported in countries including Sweden, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Sweden has confirmed its first case of Clade 1 variant, which has been rapidly spreading in Africa, particularly in DRC. The emergence of this new variant raises concerns about its potential for higher lethality and transmission rates outside Africa. more

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Leptospirosis in sugarcane plantation and fishing communities in Kagera northwestern Tanzania

Mgode, G.; Japhary, M.; Mhamphi, G. et al. PLoS Neglected Tropical diseases (2019) CC

Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease of worldwide importance, though relatively neglected in many African countries including sub Saharan Africa that is among areas with high burden of this disease. The disease is often mistaken for other febrile illnesses such as dengue, malaria, rickettsi... more

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Rabies Frequently Asked Questions

National Institute for Communicable Disease NICD (2021) CC

Rabies is a zoonotic, vaccine-preventable viral disease that causes damage to the brain and spinal cord in infected animals and humans. A zoonotic disease is a disease that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Rabies is nearly 100% fatal once symptoms appear.

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Monkeypox Technical Factsheet

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2022) C1

Monkeypox is a rare viral zoonotic disease caused by a double stranded DNA virus that belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family.

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The European Union One Health 2020 Zoonoses Report

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC; EFSA EFSA Journal (2021) CC

This report of the EFSA and ECDC presents the results of zoonoses monitoring activities carried out in 2020 in 27 EU Member States (MS) and nine non-MS. Key statistics on zoonoses and zoonotic agents in humans, food, animals and feed are provided and interpreted historically.

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National Monkeypox Public Health Response Guidelines

Federal Ministry of Health - Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (2019) CC

Since the re-emergence of monkeypox in Nigeria in September 2017, the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control(NCDC) has continued to receive reports and respond to cases of the disease from States across the country. Between September 2017 when the outbreak started and November 2018, about 300 suspecte... more

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Echinococcosis Key facts

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

Human echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease (a disease that is transmitted to humans from animals) that is caused by parasites, namely tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus.

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Mpox Technical Factsheet

Africa CDC (2024) CC

Mpox is a zoonotic disease caused by a double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. The disease presents with symptoms similar to smallpox but with a lesser severity. It was first discovered in 1958 when two outbreaks of a poxlike disease occurred in co... more

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The WHO position on rabies immunization – 2018 updates

Katherine L. O'Brien Terry Nolan (2019) CC

Rabies is a neglected zoonotic disease responsible for an estimated 59,000 human deaths annually. Rural populations in Africa and Asia are predominantly affected, and approximately 40% of cases occur in children under the age of 15 years. Transmitted through bites and scratches from infected animal... more

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Overview of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis access, procurement and distribution in selected countries in Asia and Africa, 2017–2018

Sreenivasan, N.; Li, A.; Shiferaw, M. et al. Science Direct (2019) CC

Rabies is a neglected zoonotic disease with a global burden of approximately 59,000 human deaths a year. Once clinical symptoms appear, rabies is almost invariably fatal; however, with timely and appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) consisting of wound washing, vaccine, and in some cases rabi... more

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Rabies & One Health: From basics to cross-sectoral action to stop human rabies deaths

World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO

Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease most often transmitted to people via bites from infected dogs. This course provides a general introduction to rabies, and the One Health approach currently taken to prevent it. It consists of seven video-lectures, demonstration videos, and lessons learnt from peopl... more

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Monkeypox: Epidemiology, preparedness and response for African outbreak contexts

World Health Organization (WHO) (2021) C_WHO

Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease, caused by monkeypox virus, recognized as the most important orthopoxvirus infection after the eradication of smallpox. This course offers public health officers and health workers in-depth information to understand the epidemiology, modes of transmission, clin... more

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National Guidline on Management of Leptospirosis

Epidemiology Unit Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine Sri Lanka (2016) CC

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic illness with a global disease burden impacting both developed and developing nations. It is caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. The pathogenic L.interrogans has more than 250 serovars arranged in 25 serogroups. In Sri Lanka, suspected leptospirosi... more