Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention
52
Robert-Koch-Institut RKI
51
World Health Organisation (WHO)
46
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé OMS
36
Pan American Health Organization PAHO, World Health Organization WHO
36
Organización Mundial de la Salud OMS
30
WHO
30
OPAS
26
reliefweb
22
Africa CDC
21
UNICEF
20
Ministerio de Salud Argentina
19
PERC
19
World Economic Forum et al.
19
World Health Organization (WHO)
19
Ministerio de Salud, Peru
18
UN Children's Fund UNICEF
17
World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office of Europe
17
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC
14
World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office of Africa
14
Ministerio de Salud Pública de Ecuador
13
Ministerio de Salud, Colombia
13
Pan American Health Organization PAHO
13
Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS)
12
Global Handwashing Partnership
11
International SOS
11
Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social Bogotá, Colombia
10
Ministerio de sanidad - España
10
UNAIDS
10
Organisation mondiale de la Santé OMS
9
Organización Panamericana de la Salud
9
World Health Organization
9
Bild und Sprache e.V.
8
Cochrane Library
8
Health Emergencies Programme
8
Kamps, B.S.
8
MEDBOX
8
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Government of India
8
OCHA
8
Sphere - Standards
8
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC
7
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC
7
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies IFRC
7
Mauder, S.
7
Ministerio de Salud El Salvador
7
Ministry of Health& Family Welfare, Goverment of India
7
Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS)
7
Regional Office for Africa
7
Teleducacion Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Antioquia
7
Всемирная организация здравоохранения
7
Всемирная организация здравоохранения (ВОЗ)
7
African Union, Africa CDC
6
and S. Mauder
6
Hartmann-Boyce J., N. Lindson
6
Ministerio da Saude, Brasilia
6
Ministerio de Salud Chile
6
Ministério da Saúde, Brasil
6
OPAS, OMS
6
OPS
6
The Alliance for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action
6
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OCHA
6
Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации
6
Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention
5
and C. Hoffmann
5
BZgA
5
Centro de Coordinación de Alertasy Emergencias Sanitarias
5
Degam
5
Dirección de Control de Enfermedades Inmunoprevenibles
5
Ministerio da Saude Brasilia
5
Ministerio de Salud Publica Paraguay
5
Oxfam
5
Robert-Koch-Institut RKI, Deutsches Grünes Kreuz
5
Rüppel, T.
5
World Health Organization (Europe)
5
World Health Organization WHO, et al.
5
BMJ Global Health
4
Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung BzgA
4
Centro de Coordinación de Alertas y Emergencias Sanitarias
4
Clinical Care Options
4
Department: Health Republic of South Africa
4
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allgemeinmedizin und Familienmedizin e.V.
4
European Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ECDC
4
European Medicines Agency EMA
4
Family Larsson
4
Feraud, H.
4
Global Polio Eradication Initiative GPEI
4
Internews
4
Ministerio de Salud Bolivia
4
Ministery of Health and Family Welfare - Government of India
4
Ministério da Saúde Brasil
4
Ministry of Health, Kenya
4
National Department of Health, South Africa
4
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé
4
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, Bureau régional de l'OMS pour l'Afrique
4
Organización Mundial de Saude and OPAS
4
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
4
Rosenquist Foundation (dedicated to human milk)
4
Wolters Kluwer
4
World Health Organisation
4
ВОЗ
4
and P. Reijer
3
B.S. Kamps
3
British Medical Journal
3
Direction générale de la prevention et de la promotion de la santé
3
et al
3
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
3
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO
3
Hoffmann, C.
3
Holy See Press Office
3
Inter-agency Working Group on Reproductive Health in CrisesInternational Rescue Committee
3
Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS)
3
Ministerio de Salud
3
Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador
3
Ministère de la Santé - Le Gouvernement Luxembourgeis
3
Ministère de la Santé de la population et de la réforme hospitalière
3
Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Atenção Primária à Saúde Brasil
3
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
3
National Health Mission
3
OECD
3
Open WHO
3
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), OPS
3
Reijer, P.
3
République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire
3
Rüppel, J.
3
Stop TB Partnership
3
United Nations
3
UpToDate
3
World Bank
3
World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South-East Asia
3
Всемирная организация здравоохранения (Eвропейское)
3
Action against AIDS
2
Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Safeguarding Africa's Health)
2
African Society for Laboratory Medicine ASLM
2
African Union, African CDC, World Health Organisation
2
Amnesty International
2
AMREF
2
and J. Rüppel
2
Apotheker ohne Grenzen
2
ASLM
2
BMJ
2
C. Ferreira-Borges
2
Caroline Favas
2
CDC
2
Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis and Outbreak Response
2
Die Bundesregierung
2
DIFÄM
2
Dr. J. Breda
2
Eastern Mediterranean Region
2
et. al.
2
F. P. Soruco Marc et al.
2
Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development BMZ
2
FIND
2
First Draft, Yale Insitute for Global Health
2
Flores Conde, F.
2
Geffert, K.
2
Gentilini U., M. Almenfi, I. Orton
2
GeoPoll
2
Global Nutrition Cluster
2
Government of India Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Directorate General of Health Services (EMR Division)
2
Government of India Ministry of Health & FW
2
Government of Nigeria
2
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2
Health Emergency Programme
2
IFRC
2
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
2
Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin
2
International Labour Organisation
2
International Organization for Migration IOM
2
IRIS
2
Istituto Superiore di Sanità
2
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
2
Kim, A.
2
Lancet Migration
2
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
2
M. Dara
2
MEDBOX Team
2
Medical Mission Institute
2
Ministerio da Saude Brasil
2
Ministerio da Saude, CONASS, Conasems et al.
2
Ministerio de Salud Pública, Paraguay
2
Ministerio de Salud y Deportes Bolivia
2
Ministerio de Salud, Bogota, Colombia
2
Ministério da Saúde, Brazil
2
Ministry of Health
2
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India
2
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
2
Minstère de la santé, DR Congo
2
Nation Institute for Communicable Diseases, South Africa
2
National Department of Health South Africa
2
OCHA Services reliefweb
2
Organización Mundial de la Salud
2
Organización Mundial de la Salud (Américas)
2
Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde
2
PACK
2
PAHO
2
Paul Ehrlich Institute
2
Paul-Ehrlich-Institu PEI
2
R. Jahn
2
Regierung Unterfranken
2
Response for Venezuelans (R4V)
2
République Démocratique du Congo, Ministère de la Santé
2
Robert Koch Institut (RKI)
2
RüppelT.
2
S.R. Lewin and R. Sherer
2
Sallam, M.
2
Save the Children
2
See text
2
Smithsonian Science Education Center
2
Smithsonian Science Education Center, et al.
2
The Alliance for Children Protection in Humanitarian Action
2
The Center For Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy
2
The Lancet
2
The Public Good Projects
2
The World Bank
2
UN High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR
2
UNCT Zambia
2
UNFPA
2
UNHCR
2
Unidad de vigilancia de la Salud, Gobierno de la répubica de Honduras
2
Welthungerhilfe
2
WHO (World Health Organisation)
2
World Health Organisation WHO
2
World Health Organization WHO
2
World Health Organization. Regional Office for South-East Asia
2
1mg
1
350
1
A. Agodi
1
A. Anand, J. Sandefur, and A. Subramanian
1
A. García-Prado, J.P. Sarmiento, et al.
1
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A. Sriram
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A.Goncé, A. Hawkins-Villarreal et al.
1
Abbara, A.
1
Abdool-Gaffar, S. et al.
1
Abdul Rahim, H.F.
1
Abir, T.
1
Abras A., Ballart C., Fernández-Arévalo A., et al.
1
Abu Mouch et al.
1
Access to Medicine Foundation
1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
Allen Institute for AI
1
Ally O, Kanoi BN, Ochola L, et al.
1
Alvarado R., Ramírez J. et al
1
Alves Dias, C.
1
Alves J.D., Abade A.S., Peres W.P. et al.
1
AMCI Association Colombiana de Medicina Critica y Cuidado Intensivo
1
amref Health Africa
1
Ana Flor Hexel Cornely, João Gabriel Flôres da Rocha
1
Ananke
1
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1
and C. Wonodi
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and F. Morgado
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and J. Garcia-Rosales Delgado
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and K. Geffert
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1
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1
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1
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1
Asociación Colombiana de Infectología
1
Assessment Capacities Project ACAPS
1
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AWO
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B. N. Ezenwa, I. B. Fajolu, O. R. Akinajo, et al.
1
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1
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1
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1
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1
Barcelos TN, Muniz LN, Dantas DM et al.
1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
BfArM
1
Bham A., J. Bhiman, F. Bongweni et al.
1
Bham, A.
1
Bharat Biotech
1
Bhopal,S., and M. Nielsen
1
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1
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1
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1
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1
Bio Med Central
1
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1
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1
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1
Blanco C., Rivas G. et al.
1
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1
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1
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1
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Bo Peng , Rowland W. Pettit, and Christopher I. Amos
1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
Budde, H.
1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
Bundesregierung Deutschland
1
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1
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1
Burri, E.
1
Burrone M. S., Reginatto G. et al
1
Bustamente, J. Teleducacion Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Antioquia
1
BVÖGD, bvmd
1
C. Clift
1
C. Dias Azevedo, G. Fernandes Maciel da Silva et al.
1
C. Hoffmann, A. Gualani Gualani
1
C. Hoffmann, et al.
1
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1
C. Perplies
1
CA J, Kumar P V, Kandi V, et al.
1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
Castro, A.
1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
Chang, S.W.
1
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1
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1
Chaziya J, Freyne B, Lissauer S et al.
1
Chen Shen, Nan Xia, et al.
1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
Conseil Européen de Réanimation
1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
D. Grace
1
D. Todt, P. V’kovski, et al.
1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
Doubova SV, Leslie HH, Kruk ME, et al.
1
Dr. Francisco José Alabí Montoya, Dr. Carlos Gabriel Alvarenga Cardoza, Dra. Karla Marina Díaz de Naves
1
Dr. P. Amoth
1
Dr. S. K. Kibias
1
Dr. Slama-Chaudhry, A.
1
Dr. Supik, L.
1
Dr. T. Plümecke
1
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1
Dra. Ximena Garzón et al.
1
E. Beccaloni
1
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1
E. Webb, M. Mckee et al.
1
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1
E.M. Févre
1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
edX
1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
Espinal, Y.A.
1
et al.,
1
et Ondoua Biwole V.
1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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Le cadre de surveillance basé sur les événements est destiné à être utilisé par les autorités et les
agences responsables de la surveillance et de l'intervention. Ce cadre sert de cadre pour guider les
parties prenantes intéressées par la mise en œuvre de la surveillance basée sur le...s événements (SBÈ)
en utilisant une approche multisectorielle axée sur l'approche « Une seule santé ». À cette fin, le
document est organisé en chapitres et annexes interconnectés qui peuvent être modifiés et adaptés,
selon les besoins, par les utilisateurs.
Il s'agit d'une version révisée du « Cadre pour la surveillance basée sur les événements » original qui
a été publié en 2018. Ce cadre ne remplace aucun autre matériel SBÈ disponible, mais s'appuie plutôt
sur des documents pertinents ou connexes existants et sert de guide pratique pour la mise en œuvre
de l'SBÈ en Afrique. Ce cadre est conforme à la troisième édition de l'évaluation externe conjointe de
l'OMS pour les indicateurs suivants : systèmes d'alerte précoce renforcés capables de détecter les
événements importants pour la santé publique et la sécurité sanitaire (indicateur D2.1) ; amélioration
de la communication et de la collaboration entre les secteurs et entre les niveaux d'autorité nationaux,
intermédiaires et locaux d'intervention en matière de santé publique en matière de surveillance des
événements importants pour la santé publique (indicateur D2.2) ; et amélioration de la capacité
d'analyse des données aux niveaux national et intermédiaire ( Indicateur D2.3). Au fur et à mesure
que les pays commenceront à mettre en œuvre et à démontrer la fonctionnalité SBÈ, ils garantiront
une augmentation des scores EEC et des progrès vers le respect des exigences décrites dans l'RSI
(Règlement sanitaire international).
En outre, dans les États membres de l'Union africaine qui ont adopté la Surveillance et réponse
intégrées aux maladies (SRIM), ce document complète et peut améliorer la mise en œuvre de l'SRIM,
en particulier pour la 3e édition (2019) qui inclut des composants liés à l'SBÈ.more
This guideline covers identifying, assessing and managing the long-term effects of COVID-19, often described as ‘long COVID’. It makes recommendations about care in all healthcare settings for adults, children and young people who have new or ongoing symptoms 4 weeks or more after the start of a...cute COVID-19. It also includes advice on organising services for long COVID.
Updated 11 November 2021more
This global guidance provided the framework for over 100 countries to develop their NDVPs. This updated (second) version supersedes the previous version published in 16 November 2020. New information has been added on the following areas:
the COVID-19 Partners Platform;
the use of COVID...-19 simulation exercises to test deployment strategies;
the indemnity agreement and no-fault compensation programme for vaccines secured through the COVAX Facility in the Advance Market Commitment (AMC) eligible economies;
the availability and use of the WHO-UNICEF COVID-19 Vaccine Introduction and deployment Costing (CVIC) tool;
the COVAX Facility’s humanitarian buffer that enables allocation of vaccine to cover high-risk populations in humanitarian settings;
recommendations for vaccination of pregnant and lactating women;
supplementary information on infection prevention and control (IPC) measures to be used to deliver COVID-19 vaccines safely;
the WHO licensed COVID-19 vaccines product-specific information;
use of geospatial data and digital micro plans for equitable access and delivery of COVID-19 vaccines;
lessons learned from the development of NDVPs and early experiences in COVID-19 vaccine deployment in countries; and
updated additional resources at the end of each chapter.more
Following a long recovery from the economic crisis (2007–2013), young people in the EU proved to be more vulnerable to the effects of the restrictions put in place to slow the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Young people were more likely than older groups to experience job loss, financial insecur...ity and mental health problems. They reported reduced life satisfaction and mental well-being associated with the stay-at-home requirements and school closures. While governments responded quickly to the pandemic, most efforts to mitigate the effects of restrictions were temporary measures aimed at preventing job loss and keeping young people in education. This report explores the effects of the pandemic on young people, particularly in terms of their employment, well-being and trust in institutions, and assesses the various policy measures introduced to alleviate these effects.
Summary available in 22 languagesmore
Through technical consultations with countries and partners, WHO has led the development of Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats Module 1: Planning for respiratory pathogen pandemics. Version 1.0. The Module, currently available as an advanced draft, builds on previous pandemic lessons a...nd guidance, and has the following new elements:
It presents an integrated and efficient respiratory pathogen pandemic planning approach covering both novel pathogens and those known to have pandemic potential;
It enables coherence in addressing pathogen-agnostic and pathogen-specific elements for better preparedness;
It gives an organizing framework including operational stages and triggers for escalation and de-escalation between pandemic preparedness and response periods;
It contextualizes 12 IHR (2005) core capacities within the five components of health emergency preparedness, response and resilience (HEPR), from the respiratory threats perspective; and
It describes the critical sectors for respiratory pathogen pandemic preparedness to trigger multisectoral collaboration.
WHO will finalize and publish this Module after a global technical meeting that will be held on 24-26 April 2023.more
The checklist is aligned with, and builds upon, existing COVID-19-related WHO guidelines and is structured around protective measures related to: 1) hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette; 2) physical distancing; 3) use of masks in schools; 4) environmental cleaning and ventilation; and 5) respectin...g procedures for isolation of all people with symptoms. The checklist is designed to support policy-makers, staff and officials from the education and health sectors, local authorities, school principals/leaders and administrators, teachers’ unions, community leaders, school staff, teachers, parents and caregivers.more
Die Coronapandemie wirft ein Schlaglicht auf die Probleme, die sich für geflüchtete Menschen mit Behinderung aus der fehlenden Identifizierung von Schutz. Und Unterstützungsbedarfen und der Wohnverpflichtung in Sammelunterkünften ergeben. Handicap International hat sich gemeinsam mit 29 anderen ...Organisationen in einem Positionspapier „Geflüchtete Menschen mit Behinderung bedarfsgerecht unterbringen“ beiden Themen zugewandtmore
16 Dec. 2021
This document is a prioritization toolkit providing a set of action steps to follow in the event of an impending surge in cases of COVID-19 in health-care facilities. The document provides a framework for action steps to be followed within 2-4 weeks of identification of a surge or resu...rgence of cases, and is accompanied by references to existing WHO resources to assist with managing each step. This document is intended for emergency operations centre focal persons for health facilities, incident managers, health-care managers and administrators, and infection prevention and control focal persons.more
- Module 1: Understanding modelling approaches for sexual, reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health, and nutrition
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has a wide range of documented effects. It directly causes death and disability for some people infected. However, disruption to... essential health services, resources allocated to mitigation and therefore away from essential health service delivery, and the overall impact on the economy and society must also be considered within the response to COVID-19. Understanding the magnitude of all of these effects is an essential part of developing mitigation polices.
Several epidemiological models have been created to assess the potential impact of disruptions to essential health services caused by COVID-19 on morbidity and mortality from conditions other than COVID-19 illness. This guide presents models that have been used to assess these indirect impacts. The effects have been studied in various settings, using a variety of models.
The guide is intended for people who need to understand what the models say, their construction and their underlying assumptions, or need to use models and their outcomes for planning and programme development and to support policy decisions for a country or region.more
Interim guidance, 26 October 2021
This interim guidance has been developed on the basis of the advice issued by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization at its meeting on 5 October 2021.
SAGE said moderately and severely immunocompromised persons should be offered an addition...al dose of all WHO approved vaccines “since these individuals are less likely to respond adequately to vaccination following a standard primary vaccine series and are at high risk of severe COVID-19 disease.”
People aged 60 and older who received the Sinovac and Sinopharm vaccines should get a third dose too, the experts added, though use of other vaccines may also be considered depending on supply and access.
“When implementing this recommendation, countries should initially aim at maximizing 2-dose coverage in that population, and thereafter administer the third dose, starting in the oldest age groups”, they said.
SAGE has also reviewed a vaccine developed by Indian company Bharat Biotech and will issue a policy recommendation after WHO greenlights it for emergency use.more
The introduction of vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) added another measure to the existing set of
recommended preventive measures (wearing a mask in public, keeping a distance from other people and regular handwashing). The roll-out of the vaccines, however, raised concerns that vac...cination may lead to lower adherence to the existing
preventive measures. The advice from the World Health Organization (WHO) was to continue these public health and
social measures after being vaccinated.1 However, evidence from other epidemics suggests that there is lower adherence to
preventive measures when some level of protection exists (for example, individuals who use human immunodeficiency virus
pre-exposure prophylaxismore
Assessment and management of prolonged symptoms of COVID-19.
Introdução
Apesar de inicialmente ter sido considerada uma infecção aguda do sistema respiratório,
atualmente sabe-se do comprometimento multissistêmico e protraído da COVID-19 em alguns indivíduos [1]. Segundo dados prelimi...nares de estudos observacionais, estima-se que aproximadamente 10% dos pacientes com quadros leves a moderados de COVID-19 apresentam sintomas prolongados, que duram 3 semanas ou mais [2]. Essa condição tem sido chamada de COVID “longa”, “pós-aguda” ou
“síndrome pós-COVID-19”. Entre os pacientes que necessitam internação, especialmente em UTI, estes sintomas residuais podem ser muito mais frequentes: mais que 80% dos pacientes reportaram ao menos 1 sintoma após 60 dias do início do quadro.more
The sixteenth meeting of the Strategic and Technical Advisory Group for Neglected Tropical Diseases (STAG-NTD) was held as a hybrid meeting, 27–28 September 2022.
Dr Ren Minghui, Assistant Director-General, Universal Health Coverage/Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases, welcomed participan...ts to the meeting. He said the World Health Organization’s Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (WHO/NTD) was in a state of transition. Following the death of the late esteemed Director Dr Mwelecele Ntuli Malecela earlier in the year, Dr Gautam Biswas had taken over as Acting Director but would soon retire; the appointment of a new Director was under way. Owing to rotation of STAG-NTD members, this would be the last meeting for some and the first meeting for several new participants. The work however would continue with the same commitment. Discussions over the next two days would focus on critical issues regarding recovery of NTD services following the disruptions caused by coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which had impacted many health services worldwide. He looked forward to receiving the advice and guidance of STAG-Nmore
Severe bacterial infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among people with advanced HIV disease, after tuberculosis and cryptococcal disease. For countries to reach the end-AIDS targets for 2030, there is a need to establish a roadmap for managing severe bacterial infections and re...duce mortality. The purpose of the meeting was to
Review the current research and implementation data on the use of prophylactic antibiotics (specifically azithromycin/macrolides) as part of the AHD package of care; To review options for preventing SBIs that are in line with goals of reducing AMR; Present the current evidence on diagnostics for SBI; Discuss research gaps and implementation challenges.more
14 de setembro de 2020Este Modelo de Valores fornece orientações globais para alocação de vacinas contra a COVID-19 entre os países, e orientações nacionais de priorização de grupos para vacinação dentro dos países em caso de oferta limitada. O Modelo destina-se a auxiliar os elaboradore...s de políticas públicas e assessores especializados nos âmbitos global, regional e nacional nas decisões sobre alocação e priorização de vacinas contra a COVID-19. Este documento foi endossado pelo Grupo Consultivo Estratégico de Especialistas em Imunizaçãomore
Global asymmetries influence policies for recovery in Latin America and the Caribbean. Nearly 30 years after the Earth Summit and the global adoption of an international development agenda, in practical terms the environmental pillar of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has not been taken ...into consideration in recovery policies in the region. This has created major problems in terms of the medium- and long-term direction of regional economies.more
Interconnected Disaster Risks is a new science-based report for the general public from United Nations University – Institute for Environment and Human Security. It was first published in 2021, and is set to become an annual report.
Guide de recommandations rapides 11 juin 2020
Depuis son identification en Chine en décembre 2019, le nouveau coronavirus responsable de la COVID‐19 s’est rapidement propagé pour causer une pandémie. Cette maladie se manifeste par des symptômes respiratoires non spécifiques de gravité var...iable et peut nécessiter une assistance respiratoire importante. Son diagnostic est actuellement confirmé grâce l’identification de l’ARN du virus grâce à un test de laboratoire utilisant la technique de la transcription inverse-amplification génique (en anglais, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, soit RT-PCR.more