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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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The Role of Faith, Values and Ethics in Strengthening Action for Nature and Environmental Governance

UN Environment Programme (2020) CC

This concept report was prepared by Faith for Earth Initiative in support of the efforts of the Government of Iceland to put forth a new resolution during UNEA 5.2 1

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Haiti community health programs. Country profile

USAID, JSI Research and Training Institute, fhi (2014) CC

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Country Profile: Bangladesh

USAID, JSI, FHI 360 (2013)

BANGLADESH COMMUNITY HEALTH PROGRAMS

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Toward Harmonization: Community Health Policy and Program Trends

USAID, JSI Research & Training Institute, fhi360 (2020) CC

The Community Health Systems (CHS) Catalog is a resource that provides information on community health program workers, and interventions for the 25 countries deemed priority by USAID’s Of of Population and Reproductive Health. It comprises a compilation of 25 country profiles developed from a de... more

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Functionality and sustainability of community latrines under the health urban programme

Ahsan, T., Islam, S. and Ryan, P. Water Aid and IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre (2008)

In: Beyond construction : use by all : a collection of case studies from sanitation and hygiene promotion practitioners in South Asia. Chapter 2

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Tackling HIV/AIDS through social and behavior change communication

FHI 360 (2012) C2

Reducing the spread of HIV and improving care and treatment for people living with HIV and AIDS requires addressing social factors and behaviors that put people at risk. Social and behavior change communication (SBCC) goes beneath the surface to uncover the causes of behaviors, the social structures... more

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How Do Community Health Workers Contribute to Better Nutrition in Nepal? (Presentation)

SPRING and APC USAID (2016) C1

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Haiti: How Do Community Health Workers Contribute to Better Nutrition?

USAID,SPRING (2016) C1

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National Guidelines for the Integration of Adolescent and Youth-friendly Services into Primary Health Care Facilities in Nigeria

Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria (2013) C1

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Delivering Results for Children 2016: Programme of Cooperation between the Government of the Union of Myanmar and UNICEF

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2016)

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Kigali Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases
recommended

Uniting Combat Negleceted Tropical Diseases (2022) CC

The Kigali Declaration on neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) is a high-level, political declaration which aims to mobilise political will and secure commitments to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG3) target on NTDs and to deliver the targets set out in the World Health Organization’s... more

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Conceptualizing Inclusive Education and Contextualizing it within the UNICEF Mission. Webinar 1. Companion Technical Booklet

Farkas, A. UNICEF (2014)

you can find all 14 Technical Booklets on Inclusive Education, produced by UNICEF, in ENGLISH. Other versions can be found on the website https://www.ded4inclusion.com/inclusive-education-resources-free/unicef-inclusive-education-booklets-and-webinars-english-version. Each Technical Booklet (and com... more

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The Situation of Children and Women in Liberia 2012 - From Conflict to Peace

UNICEF (2012)

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Nepal HIVision 2020. Ending the AIDS epidemic as a public health threat, by 2030
recommended

Government of Nepal; Ministry of Health; National Centre for AIDS and STD Control (2016) C1

National HIV Strategic Plan 2016-2021

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Family Case Management: Family-centered care training for care-providers of children and families living with and affected by HIV

FHI360 (2009) CC

This six-day training is intended for case managers/community health volunteers/field supervisors who help households affected by HIV in India.

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COVID-19 Response Bulletin Ethiopia October 19, 2020

World Health Organization, Ethopian country office World Health Organization (2020) C_WHO

Summary of the Ethopian country office of WHO on COVID-19 activities.

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Promoting the health of refugees and migrants: experiences from around the world

World Health Organization (WHO) (2023) C_WHO

This publication is a compendium of 49 country examples highlighting efforts in improving refugees’ and migrants’ health following the adoption of the WHO Global Action Plan on Promoting the health of refugees and migrants at the seventy-second World Health Assembly, in May 2019.

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Toward Resilience
recommended

Marilise Turnbull, Charlotte L. Sterrett, and Amy Hilleboe Practical Action Publishing Ltd, Catholic Relief Services (2013) C1

A Guide to Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation

Kigali Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases recommended

Nepal HIVision 2020. Ending the AIDS epidemic as a public health threat, by 2030 recommended

Toward Resilience recommended

Kigali Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases
recommended

Nepal HIVision 2020. Ending the AIDS epidemic as a public health threat, by 2030
recommended

Toward Resilience
recommended