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The paper “Artificial Intelligence for Public Health Surveillance in Africa: Applications and Opportunities” examines how artificial intelligence (AI) can improve public health systems across Africa, particularly in low-resource settings. It explores how machine learning and other AI techniques
...
are being used for disease detection, outbreak prediction, real-time surveillance, and health resource management.
The authors focus on major public health challenges such as HIV, cholera, Ebola, measles, tuberculosis, malaria, COVID-19, and mental health. Through numerous case studies, the paper shows that AI can enhance the accuracy and speed of disease detection, predict outbreaks more effectively than traditional methods, support vaccination strategies, and optimize healthcare resource allocation. At the same time, it discusses important barriers to implementation, including limited data quality, infrastructure constraints, ethical concerns, and shortages of technical expertise.
Overall, the paper highlights AI’s strong potential to strengthen disease surveillance and health outcomes in Africa while emphasizing the need for careful integration, improved data systems, and supportive policy frameworks.
more
The document “Public Health Surveillance for Cholera – Guidance Document (2024)” provides practical recommendations for countries on how to design, implement, and strengthen cholera surveillance systems. Developed by the Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC), it outlines the minimum req
...
uirements for detecting, confirming, reporting, and monitoring cholera cases and outbreaks.
The guidance explains the core functions of cholera surveillance, including case detection, laboratory testing (such as RDTs, culture, and PCR), routine data collection, outbreak notification, case and field investigation, data analysis, and performance monitoring. It also describes how surveillance strategies should be adapted depending on whether a country is experiencing no outbreak, clustered transmission, or community transmission.
Overall, the document aims to help countries establish adaptive, fit-for-purpose surveillance systems that enable early outbreak detection, guide timely response measures, and support long-term cholera control and elimination efforts.
more
The document “Strategic Framework for Strengthening Cross-Border Surveillance and Information Sharing in Africa” outlines a coordinated strategy developed by Africa CDC to improve public health surveillance and collaboration across national borders in Africa. It addresses the challenge that infe
...
ctious diseases often spread across borders due to population movement, trade, and migration, while surveillance systems and data-sharing mechanisms frequently remain nationally focused and fragmented.
The framework proposes strengthening regional coordination, harmonizing surveillance systems, enhancing information sharing between countries, and building laboratory and workforce capacity. It also emphasizes timely detection of cross-border health threats, joint outbreak investigations, and improved communication among Member States. Overall, the document aims to enhance preparedness, early warning systems, and collective response to public health threats across the African continent.
more
The document “Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response Systems: A Guide to Planning” is a World Health Organization (WHO) guide designed to help countries develop and strengthen national surveillance and response systems for communicable diseases . It explains why surveillance is essential
...
for early detection of outbreaks, informed decision-making, and effective public health action, especially in the context of the revised International Health Regulations (2005).
The guide provides a structured approach to strategic and operational planning. It outlines how countries should assess their existing systems, define a vision and goals, identify expected key result areas (EKRAs), prioritize activities, set realistic targets, allocate resources, and monitor progress. It also includes practical tools such as templates, worksheets, and examples to support ministries of health in organizing planning workshops and developing multi-year strategic plans and annual operational plans. Overall, the document serves as a practical framework to improve preparedness, early warning, and response to public health emergencies.
more
The document Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response Technical Guidelines, Booklet Four: Sections 8 and 9 (Third Edition, 2019) provides guidance for strengthening public health surveillance and response systems in the WHO African Region. It focuses on monitoring, supervision, evaluation, and f
...
eedback mechanisms to improve the performance and quality of Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) systems. The text outlines key surveillance core functions—such as case detection, reporting, data analysis, outbreak investigation, preparedness, response, and feedback—and introduces indicators to measure system effectiveness, including timeliness, completeness, and data quality. Additionally, it discusses the implementation of electronic IDSR (eIDSR) to enhance real-time reporting and outbreak management. Overall, the booklet aims to strengthen early detection, rapid response, and health security capacity across all levels of the health system.
more
Populations affected by emergencies are continually at risk of outbreaks of epidemic-prone diseases and other public health hazards. This operational guidance aims to guide decision-making on when and how to implement and strengthen Early Warning Alert and Response (EWAR) in preparation for and resp
...
onse to emergencies. Each module aims to provide updated operational guidance for EWAR practices, which may be more easily understood and applied during emergencies. Through its application, this operational guidance aims to contribute to:
- earlier detection of acute public health events
- earlier and more effective response
- reduced impact of emergencies on health
- increased trust of the population in the (public) health system
- fulfilling our collective commitments to the International Health Regulations (IHR,
2005).
This guidance was developed jointly by 69 experts from more than 20 organizations from global level to country level.
more
This report examines how clinical trials contribute to environmental impacts and outlines key considerations for integrating environmental sustainability into trial design, conduct and oversight. It explores the carbon footprint and resource use associated with clinical research activities – inclu
...
ding site operations, participant travel, supply chains, data management and waste – and highlights how these impacts intersect with climate change risks to health systems and research infrastructure.
more
The document “Guidelines for the Investigation and Control of Disease Outbreaks” provides practical guidance for public health professionals on how to detect, investigate, and manage outbreaks of communicable diseases. It describes the key steps of outbreak investigation, including confirming th
...
e outbreak, establishing a case definition, collecting epidemiological and laboratory data, identifying the source and mode of transmission, and implementing control measures. The guidelines also explain how to organize outbreak response teams, communicate findings, and document results in outbreak reports. Overall, the document aims to support systematic and effective outbreak investigations in order to control disease spread and protect public health.
more
Ewha Med J Volume 47(3); 2024
The article “Reporting Guidelines for Community Outbreak Investigation (G-CORE): A Study Protocol” describes the development of standardized reporting guidelines for investigations of infectious disease outbreaks in community settings. The authors highlight that ou
...
tbreak reports are often inconsistent and lack important epidemiological information, which makes it difficult to compare studies and apply findings to public health practice. The G-CORE project aims to create a structured guideline that improves the quality, transparency, and completeness of outbreak investigation reports. By establishing clear reporting standards, the guideline intends to support researchers and public health professionals in documenting outbreaks more systematically and to facilitate better communication, analysis, and response to infectious disease events.
more
Guide to revision of national pandemic influenza preparedness plans - Lessons learned from the 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic
Brown C., Ciotti M., Hegermann-Lindencrone M., et al
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), WHO Regional Office for Europe
(2017)
C_WHO
The document “Guide to revision of national pandemic influenza preparedness plans – Lessons learned from the 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic” provides guidance for countries on how to improve and update their national pandemic preparedness plans. It is based on lessons learned from the 2009 influenza pa
...
ndemic and aims to help governments strengthen their readiness for future pandemics. The report outlines key components of effective pandemic planning, including risk assessment, coordination between sectors, communication strategies, healthcare system preparedness, vaccination and antiviral strategies, and business continuity planning. It also emphasizes the importance of international cooperation and flexible planning that can adapt to different pandemic scenarios. Overall, the guide serves as a framework to support countries in developing stronger, more coordinated responses to future influenza pandemics.
more
The document “Strengthening the global architecture for health emergency prevention, preparedness, response and resilience” presents a report by the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) to the World Health Assembly on global efforts to improve preparedness and response to heal
...
th emergencies. It reviews the implementation of the Health Emergency Prevention, Preparedness, Response and Resilience (HEPR) framework and highlights lessons learned from recent crises such as COVID-19. The report describes international initiatives to strengthen global health governance, surveillance systems, laboratory networks, community protection measures, healthcare capacity and access to medical countermeasures like vaccines and diagnostics. It also discusses coordination of emergency responses, support for countries facing outbreaks or humanitarian crises, and the importance of international cooperation. In addition, the report emphasizes the need for sustainable and coordinated financing to strengthen global health security and ensure that countries can better prevent, detect and respond to future health threats.
more
Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine
This guideline document is a publication of the National AIDS & STI Control Program, Ministry of Health
Kenya
A Guide for Community Case Workers in OVC Programs. This guide is meant to help you, a community case worker or
facility case manager working on an orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) program, to understand your role in supporting
multi-month dispensing (MMD) of anti-retroviral (ARV) medicines f
...
or children and adolescents living with HIV (CLHIV/ALHIV).
more
Why we need Targets for 2025.
1.2020 Fast Track targets will soon elapse; 2. Current UNAIDS strategy concludes in 2021; 3. Informs possible UN General Assembly Special Session on AIDS in 2021; where a new Political Declaration on AIDS would be adopted; 4. Informs the strategies of other organisatio
...
ns (Global Fund, PEPFAR); . An updated set of programmatic targets for 2025 in needed to keep us on
track for 2030
more
Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a human rights violation deeply rooted in gender inequality and discrimination. FGM violates various human rights under international human rights law including, among others, the rights to equality, life and health and the rights to be free from discrimination, to
...
rture and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment. The failure by States to end this harmful practice against women and girls is a violation of States’ obligations to respect, protect and fulfil the enjoyment of all human rights. These obligations are accompanied by certain human rights accountability mechanisms that are critical in holding States to account for implementing their international and regional human rights obligations and commitments
more
The publication "Aligning national drought plans with global and national policy frameworks" provides governments and practitioners with practical guidance on how to align national drought plans (NDPs) with existing policy, legal and institutional frameworks to enable effective implementation. It po
...
sitions policy alignment as a core requirement for moving from reactive drought response to proactive, risk-based drought management, in line with national development priorities and international commitments.The report presents two complementary methodologies that support alignment across both the planning and implementation phases of NDPs. A multicriteria assessment framework is used to review the quality, readiness and internal coherence of drought plans, while a policy alignment approach examines how drought is recognized and addressed across sectoral policies, institutional mandates and coordination mechanisms.
more
The document is a practical handbook developed by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) that provides guidance on how to design, plan, conduct, and evaluate simulation exercises in public health settings. Its main purpose is to help organisations improve their preparedness an
...
d response to communicable disease outbreaks by using structured exercises as a training and evaluation tool. The handbook explains different types of exercises, outlines the steps involved in organising them, and highlights the importance of clear objectives, coordination, and evaluation. Overall, it aims to strengthen emergency preparedness by enabling organisations to identify weaknesses, improve collaboration, and enhance their ability to respond effectively to public health crises.
more
This guide aims to support the implementation of evidence-based practices to reduce morbidity and mortality due to postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). Implementation is a multidisciplinary process that requires engagement from multiple stakeholders. Furthermore, implementation can and should be pursued in
...
a systematic and evidence-based manner.
This Implementation guide presents a structured process that will aid countries in their efforts to incorporate the latest PPH recommendations into national PPH guidelines and clinical practice.
more
The World report on promoting the health of refugees and migrants: Monitoring progress on the WHO global action plan provides the first global baseline for assessing implementation of the 2019-2030 WHO Global Action Plan on Promoting the Health of Refugees and Migrants (GAP). Building on the 2022 Wo
...
rld report on the health of refugees and migrants, it examines how countries are integrating refugee and migrant health into broader public health, migration governance, development, and universal health coverage (UHC) agendas.
more
