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Antimicrobial Resistance, Fueled by the COVID-19 Pandemic

Pan American Health Organisation PAHO (2021) C_WHO

Policy Brief November 2021 Available in English, Spanish and Portuguese The COVID-19 pandemic has fueled the ongoing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) global crisis due to the increase in the use of antibiotics to treat COVID-19 patients, disruptions to infection prevention and control practices in o... more

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National Action Plan for the Containment and Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance

Republic of Kenya, Ministry of Health (2021) CC

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat that requires urgent collaborative action within and among countries. As a result of the worldwide reports of the increasing rates of AMR to hospital and community-acquired infections and in the agricultural sector, the Global Action Plan on AMR was... more

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Republic of Kenya: National Policy on Prevention and Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance

Government of Kenya (2017) C2

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat that requires urgent collaborative action within and among countries. AMR makes standard treatments ineffective and facilitates the spread of antimicrobial resistant infections rendering communities vulnerable. The Ministry of Health (MOH) and Minist... more

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Antibiotic use and resistance in South Africa

Dr T Apalata, Dr C Bamford, Mr D Benjamin et al. South African Medical Journey SAMJ (2011) C2

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an important public health concern shared by developed and developing countries. In developing countries the burden of infectious diseases is greater and exacerbated by limited access to, and availability and affordability of, antimicrobials required to treat infect... more

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Drug-resistant tuberculosis in Central Mozambique: the role of a rapid genotypic susceptibility testing

Evangelina IN, Inês T, Miguelhete L et al (2016) CC

This study consists of a descriptive analysis of M. tuberculosis isolates from Beira Central Hospital, Mozambique, during 2014–2015, being the first report of a genotypic testing used to provide information about second line drug resistance in Mozambique. BMC Infectious Diseases (2016) 16:423 DO... more

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Review of Evidence on Antimicrobial Resistance and Animal Agriculture in Developing Countries

Grace, D. International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) (2015) C2

This short paper aims to identify key evidence gaps in our knowledge of livestock- and fisheries-linked antimicrobial resistance in the developing world, and to document on-going or planned research initiatives on this topic by key stakeholders. The antimicrobial resistant (AMR) infections in anima... more

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Situation Analysis Antibiotic Use and Resistance in India

Public Health Foundation India (2011) C2

The infectious disease burden in India is among the highest in the world. A large amount of antibiot-ics are consumed in fighting infections, some of them saving lives, but every use adding to antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Antibiotic use is increasing steadily (table 1), particularly ... more

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Global antimicrobial resistance and use surveillance system (‎GLASS)‎ report: 2022

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2022) C_WHO

The WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) was launched in 2015 to foster AMR surveillance and inform strategies to contain AMR. The system started with surveillance of AMR in bacteria causing common human infections and has expanded its scope to include surveillance... more

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Barbados National Action Plan on Combatting Antimicrobial Resistance 2017-2022

MINISTRY OF HEALTH, BARBADOS (2017) C_WHO

Barbados currently has a rudimentary framework and capacity to address the issue of antimicrobial resistance. There however needs to be coordination of efforts and improvement in areas where gaps have been identified.Actions required include improved antibiotic stewardship in healthcare settings, pr... more

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Situational Analysis Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in Pakistan

The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy CDDEP (2016) C2

Pakistan Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership (GARP) was formed in the wake of international and national efforts for AMR curtailment. A group of experts from microbiology, infectious diseases and veterinary medicine formed a core group at the organizational meet... more

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Tuberculosis Infection Control in the Era of Expanding HIV Care and Treatment: Addendum to WHO Guidelines for the Prevention of Tuberculosis in Health Care Facilities in Resource-limited Settings

Center for Disease Control and Prevention, World Health Organisation (2007)

The goal of this addendum is to help management and staff  minimize the risk of TB transmission at facilities in resource limited settings in which a.) HIV-infected persons receive diagnosis, care, treatment,  and/or support, and b.) there is a high prevalence of HIV infection, both known  and... more

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Antimicrobial Resistance in Food-Animal Production INDIA OVERVIEW

Action on Anitbiotic Resistance (ReAct) (2018) C2

Indian markets caused a stir across the country.1 According to the Centre for Science and the Environment (CSE), a respected New Delhi-based NGO, most honey brands sold in India contained varying amounts of antibiotics. Their consumption over time could induce resistance to antibiotics, putting p... more

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Worldwide country situation analysis: response to antimicrobial resistance

World Health Organization (2015) C_WHO

A survey was conducted in countries in all six WHO regions and focused on the building blocks that are considered prerequisites to combat antimicrobial resistance: a comprehensive national plan, laboratory capacity to undertake surveillance for resistant microorganisms, access to safe, effective ant... more

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A guide for surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in leprosy: 2017 update
recommended

E. A. Cooreman WHO SEARODepartment of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (2017) C_WHO

In case of resistance to rifampicin, fluoroquinolones become the preferred category of second-line drugs. Unfortunately, quinolone-resistant strains of Mycobacterium leprae have also been reported in several countries, probably due to the extensive use of quinolones for treating several types of inf... more

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Guidance to facilitate monitoring and evaluation for antimicrobial resistance national action plans

Quadripartite: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO; UN Environment Programme UNEP; World Health Organization WHO; World Organisation for Animal Health WAHO (2023) CC

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global human, animal, plant and environment health threat that needs to be addressed by every country. The impacts of AMR are wide-ranging in terms of human health, animal health, food security and safety, environmental effects on ecosystems and biodiversity, and ...socioeconomic development. Just like the climate crisis, AMR poses a significant threat to the delivery of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The response to the AMR crisis has been spearheaded through the global action plan on antimicrobial resistance (GAP-AMR), developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2015, in close collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), and formally endorsed by the three organizations’ governing bodies and by the Political Declaration of the high-level meeting of the United Nations General Assembly on AMR in 2016. In 2022, the three organizations officially became the Quadripartite by welcoming the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) into the alliance “to accelerate coordination strategy on human, animal and ecosystem health”. The aim of the GAP-AMR is to ensure the continuity of successful treatment with effective and safe medicines. Its strategic objectives include: • improving the awareness and understanding of AMR; • strengthening the knowledge and evidence base through surveillance and research; • reducing the incidence of infection through effective sanitation, hygiene and infection prevention measures; optimizing the use of antimicrobial medicines in human and animal health; and • developing the economic case for sustainable investment that takes account of the needs of all countries and increasing investment in new medicines, diagnostic tools, vaccines and other interventions. With the adoption of the GAP-AMR, countries agreed to develop national action plans (NAPs) aligned with the GAP-AMR to mainstream AMR interventions nationally. Individually, the Quadripartite took action to advance AMR interventions in their respective sectors. FAO adopted a resolution on AMR recognizing that it poses an increasingly serious threat to public health and sustainable food production, and developed an AMR action plan to support the resolution’s implementation. For its part, WOAH developed a strategy on AMR aligned with the GAP-AMR, acknowledging the importance of a One Health approach to AMR. Similarly, more recently, UNEP’s governing body, the United Nations Environment Assembly, recognized that AMR is a current and increasing threat and a challenge to global health, food security and the sustainable development of all countries, and welcomed the GAP-AMR and the NAPs developed in accordance with its five overarching strategic objectives more

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China: National Action Plan to Contain Antimicrobial Resistance (2016-2020)

World Health Organization WHO (2016) C_WHO

China is one of the major countries for the production and use of antibacterial agents. Antibacterial agents are widely used in healthcare and animal husbandry. It plays a significant role in treating infections and saving patient lives, preventing and treating animal diseases, improving farming ef... more

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Guidelines for the Prevention and Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance in South African Hospitals

National Department of Health South Africa (2019) C2

These guidelines form part of efforts to institutionalise the prevention and containment of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in health care facilities in South Africa, as outlined in the Antimicrobial Resistance Strategic Framework and Implementation Plan. The focus of these guidelines is on two inte... more

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Treatment of Drug-Resistant TB with New and Repurposed Medications: A Supplemental Field Guide for Nurses

The SWIFT Response Project (2015) C_WHO

For the first time in almost 50 years there are two new drugs for the treatment of drug-resistant TB (DR-TB): bedaquiline and delamanid. There has also been increased attention given to the safety and efficacy of “re-purposed” drugs that have been widely used to treat other infections but are al... more

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The Use of Co-Trimoxazole Prophylaxis for HIV-Related Infections among Adults, Adolsescents and Children

World Health Organization WHO (2014) C_WHO

Co-trimoxazole is a fixed-dose combination of two antimicrobial drugs (sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim) that covers a variety of bacterial, fungal and protozoan infections. Co-trimoxazole preventive therapy is a feasible, well tolerated and inexpensive intervention for people living with HIV to re... more

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Practical Manual for Implementation of the National Infection Prevention and Control Strategic Framework - 2020

National Department of Health South Africa (2020) CC

The strategic framework gives guidance to public and private health facilities and health workers on compliance with standards relating to IPC practices. To further assist health facilities to implement the IPC strategic framework, this practical implementation manual has been developed in parallel ... more

A guide for surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in leprosy: 2017 update recommended

A guide for surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in leprosy: 2017 update
recommended