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Management of a cholera epidemic - Practical guide for doctors, nurses, laboratory technicians, medical auxiliaries, water and sanitation specialists and logisticians
recommended

Médecins Sans Frontières MFS (2023) CC

Cholera is a transmissible diarrhoeal infection caused by Vibrio cholerae. Endemic and/or epidemic in over 40 countries (mainly in Africa and Asia), cholera continues to be a major global public health issue. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the number of cases reported worldwid...e represents in reality only 5 to 10% of actual cases. This guide is intended for medical and non-medical staff responding to a cholera outbreak. It attempts to provide concrete answers to the questions and problems faced by staff, based on the recommendations of reference organisations, such as WHO and UNICEF, as well as Médecins Sans Frontières’ experience in the field. It is divided into 8 chapters. Chapter 1, Cholera overview, outlines the epidemiological and clinical features of cholera. Chapter 2, Outbreak investigation, explains the method and stages of a field investigation, from the alert to implementation of initial activities. Chapter 3, Cholera control measures, details measures and tools to prevent and/or control cholera transmission and mortality in populations affected, or at risk of being affected, by an epidemic (curative care, prevention means and health promotion activities). Chapter 4, Strategies for epidemic response, addresses the roll-out strategies of the measures described in Chapter 3 which depend on context (e.g. urban, rural, endemic, non-endemic setting, etc.), resources and particular constraints. Chapter 5, Cholera case management, details the different stages of cholera treatment, from diagnosis through to cure. Chapter 6, Setting up cholera treatment facilities, focuses on the installation of treatment facilities that vary in size and complexity according to operational requirements (treatment centres and units and oral rehydration points). Chapter 7, Organisation of cholera treatment facilities, describes the organisation of these specialized facilities in terms of human resources, supply, water, hygiene and sanitation, etc. Chapter 8, Monitoring and evaluation, presents the key data to be collected and analysed during an epidemic to facilitate a tailored response and evaluate its quality and effectiveness. The guide includes various practical tools in the appendices to facilitate activities (e.g. water quality tests, job descriptions, documents, etc.). Moreover, the toolbox also contains additional tools in editable formats (individual patient file, cholera case register, pictograms). Despite all efforts, it is possible that certain errors may have been overlooked in this guide. Please inform the authors of any errors detected. To ensure that this guide continues to evolve while remaining adapted to field realities, please send any comments or suggestions. more

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Current epidemiological evidence for predisposition to high or low intensity human helminth infection: a systematic review

Wright J.E., Werkman M., Dunn J.C. et al Parasites and Vectors (2018) C2

Background: The human helminth infections include ascariasis, trichuriasis, hookworm infections, schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis (LF) and onchocerciasis. It is estimated that almost 2 billion people worldwide are infected with helminths. Whilst the WHO treatment guidelines for helminth infecti...ons are mostly aimed at controlling morbidity, there has been a recent shift with some countries moving towards goals of disease elimination through mass drug administration, especially for LF and onchocerciasis. However, as prevalence is driven lower, treating entire populations may no longer be the most efficient or cost-effective strategy. Instead, it may be beneficial to identify individuals or demographic groups who are persistently infected, often termed as being “predisposed” to infection, and target treatment at them. Methods: The authors searched Embase, MEDLINE, Global Health, and Web of Science for all English language, humanbased papers investigating predisposition to helminth infections published up to October 31st, 2017. The varying definitions used to describe predisposition, and the statistical tests used to determine its presence, are summarised. Evidence for predisposition is presented, stratified by helminth species, and risk factors for predisposition to infection are identified and discussed. Results: In total, 43 papers were identified, summarising results from 34 different studies in 23 countries. Consistent evidence of predisposition to infection with certain species of human helminth was identified. Children were regularly found to experience greater predisposition to Ascaris lumbricoides, Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium than adults. Females were found to be more predisposed to A. lumbricoides infection than were males. Household clustering of infection was identified for A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and S. japonicum. Ascaris lumbricoides and T. trichiura also showed evidence of familial predisposition. Whilst strong evidence for predisposition to hookworm infection was identified, findings with regards to which groups were affected were considerably more varied than for other helminth species. Conclusion: This review has found consistent evidence of predisposition to heavy (and light) infection for certain human helminth species. However, further research is needed to identify reasons for the reported differences between demographic groups. Molecular epidemiological methods associated with whole genome sequencing to determine ‘who infects whom’ may shed more light on the factors generating predisposition. more

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What is Dengue? Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and treatment.

Medical Centric Medical Centric (2018) CC

Chapters 0:00 Introduction 0.27 Causes of Dengue Fever 1:09 Signs and Symptoms of Dengue Fever 2:30 Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever 3:53 Diagnosis of Dengue Fever 4:10 Treatment of Dengue Fever Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Symptoms typically beg... more

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Cotonou declaration on buruli ulcer

World Health Organization WHO (2009) CC

Cotonou Declaration oBuruli Ulcer Cotonou, Benin, 30 March 2009 Neglected tropical diseases kill, weaken or incapacitate millions of people every year, causing permanent physical suffering, social stigmatization and reduced productive capacity. Buruli ulcer, one such disease, causes immense suffer... more

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Première réunion du réseau de laboratoires PCR pour l’ulcère de buruli dans la région africaine de l’OMS, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, 21–24 octobre 2019

Organisation Mondiale de la Santé OMS (2020) CC

L’ulcère de Buruli, une infection causée par Mycobacterium ulcerans, touche plus de 33 pays dans le monde, mais un peu moins de la moitié seulement de ces pays communiquent régulièrement des données sur la maladie à l’OMS. La plupart des cas notifiés se trouvent dans les sous-régions d�... more

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Cancer in sub-Saharan Africa
recommended

Ngwa, W.; et al. Lancet Oncology Commission (2022) C2

Lancet Oncol 2022; 23: e251–312Published OnlineMay 9, 2022 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00720-8 In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), urgent action is needed to curb a growing crisis in cancer incidence and mortality. Without rapid interventions, data estimates show a major increase in cancer mo... more

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Assessing health systems in Guinea for prevention and control of priority zoonotic diseases: A One Health approach

Standleya C. J., Carlinb E. P., Sorrella E. M. et al. Elsevier (2019) CC

To guide One Health capacity building efforts in the Republic of Guinea in the wake of the 2014–2016 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak, we sought to identify and assess the existing systems and structures for zoonotic disease detection and control. We partnered with the government ministries resp... more

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State Epidemiological Fact Sheets – Volume 3, Northern, Central & Eastern Region

Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) (2017) C1

Northern: Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Uttarakhand
Central: Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
Eastern: Andaman & Nicobar, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal
This technical document consists of epidemiological ... more

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State Epidemiological Fact Sheets – Volume 2, West & South Regions

Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) (2017) C1

West: Drada & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra
South: Andhra Pradesh & Telangana, Karnataka, Kerala, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu
This technical document consists of epidemiological profiles (fact-sheets) for States and districts based on information available from multiple d... more

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State Epidemiological Fact Sheets – Volume 1, North-East Region

Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) (2017) C1

Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura
This technical document consists of epidemiological profiles (fact-sheets) for States and districts based on information available from multiple data sources including the HIV Sentinel Surveillance (HSS) and the In... more

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A Comparison of Summary Measures of Quality of Service and Quality of Care for Family Planning in Haiti, Malawi, and Tanzania

Mallick, Lindsay, Wenjuan Wang, Temsah, Gheda (2017) C1

DHS Methodological Report No. 20

This study used Service Provision Assessment (SPA) and Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from Haiti, Malawi, and Tanzania to compare traditionally used additive methods with a data reduction method—principal component analysis (PCA).
We scored ... more

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Covid-19 - living NMA initiative

World Health Organization WHO, et al. (2021) C_WHO

As of January 20, 2021 the Covid-19 - living NMA initiative collected 150 RCTs and 36 non-randomised studies of vaccines from the ICTRP. 93 of these trials are recruiting patients.

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Kenya Country Operational Plan COP 2016 Strategic Direction Summary

The United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS relief (PEPFAR) (2016) C2

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Medicaments Contrefaits - Guide pour l'élaboration de mesures visant à éliminer les medicamentes contrefaits

World Health Organization (1999) CC

Le présent guide est destiné à orienter les États Membres dans l'élaboration des mesures nationales pour combattre les médicaments contrefaits. Le guide contient: un apercu général du problème et des facteurs qui favorisent la contrefacon des médicaments; une description des étapes à sui... more

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Counterfeit Drugs - Guidelines for the development of measures to combat counterfeit medicines

World Health Organization (1999) CC

These guidelines are aimed to provide guidance to Member States in developing their own national measures to combat counterfeiting of medicines. The guidelines include: an overview of the problems and factors concerning the counterfeiting of medicines; important steps to be followed in developing na... more