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China’s hidden role in malaria control and elimination in Africa

Odhiambo J.N., Dolan C., Malik A.A., et al. BMJ Global Health (2023) CC

Insufficient funding is hindering the achievement of malaria elimination targets in Africa, despite the pressing need for increased investment in malaria control. While Western donors attribute their inaction to financial constraints, the global health community has limited knowledge of China’s ex... more

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WHO African Region Health Expenditure Atlas 2023

WHO African Region (2024) CC

Over the past decade, countries in the African region experienced slow progress in mobilizing resources for health while facing continued challenges. In their revised estimates published in 2017, Stenberg et al., developed two costs scenarios, termed progress and ambitious, aimed at strengthening co... more

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Mapping the Literature on Development Assistance in Health: A Bibliometric Analysis

Karwa O., Jain R., Deo S. Observer Research Foundation (2024) CC

This paper presents a bibliometric analysis of the literature on private health aid and official health assistance between 2000 and 2022. It provides an overview of the sites and themes in the literature pertaining to development assistance in health, and collates the significant policy recommendati... more

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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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The cost of austerity: The toll of IMF conditionalities on access to health in Zambia

Make Way, Wemos (2024) CC

Zambia is facing a severe economic crisis marked by high inflation, increasing poverty and a heavy debt burden that is straining both its fiscal stability and progress in health outcomes. By 2020, the country's external debt reached United States dollars (USD) 12.7 billion, representing 108% of the ... more

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Health for All – transforming economies to deliver what matters: Final report of the WHO Council on the Economics of Health for All

World Health Organization (WHO) (2023) CC

The Council was established in late 2020 by Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus (Director-General, WHO) to provide new economic thinking – reassessing how health and wellbeing are valued, produced and distributed across the economy. An all-female group of 10 distinguished economists and area experts, t... more

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Plan of Action for Malaria Elimination 2021-2025

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (2022) C_WHO

The Plan of Action for Malaria Elimination 2021-2025 has been developed in consultation with countries and regional partners as a framework of reference to guide the efforts of countries and the contributions of donors and partners towards elimination of the disease in the Americas. The Plan subscri... more

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WHO guidelines on meningitis diagnosis, treatment and care. Web Annex B. Qualitative and economic evidence reports
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2025) C_WHO

The guidelines are primarily intended for health-care professionals working in first- or second-level health-care facilities, including emergency, inpatient and outpatient services. They are also directed at policy-makers, health-care planners and programme managers, academic institutions, non-gover... more

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WHO guidelines on meningitis diagnosis, treatment and care. Web Annex C. Evidence-to-Decision frameworks
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2025) C_WHO

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WHO guideline on preventing early pregnancy and poor reproductive outcomes among adolescents in low- and middle-income countries
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2025) CC

The objectives of this guideline are the same as those of the 2011 edition, namely to provide evidence-based normative guidance on interventions to improve adolescent morbidity and mortality by reducing the chances of early pregnancy and its resulting poor health outcomes. The specific objectives of... more

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National Tuberculosis And Leprosy Programme: Annual Report 2021

Ministry of Health Zambia (2021) CC

Zambia has completed the implementation of the National TB Strategic Plan (2017-2021) that set in motion the TB elimination agenda in Zambia through coordinated and accelerated TB response. During this period, the National TB and Leprosy Programme (NTLP) registered tremendous success. The NTLP is ... more

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View PDF (2003)

Essentials of Pharmaceutical Practice - UNIT 29 - Standard Operating Procedures
recommended

Ecumenical Pharmaceutical Network (EPN) (2015) C2

Extract from "Essentials of Pharmaceutical Practice - EPP Handbook" by Ecumenical Pharmaceutical Network (EPN) (ISBN 978-9966-094-44-5). Chapter contents: Definition and understanding about SOPs - Importance of SOPs - Role of SOPs in ensuring quality of services in the pharmacy - Developing SOPs fo... more

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Training Manual: Climate and Health

International Federation of Medical Students’ Associations (IFMSA) (2016) C1

The project was developed by the International Federation of Medical Students’ Associations (IFMSA), in line with the Federation’s statement “a world in which students are equipped with knowledge, skills and value to take on health leadership roles locally and globally so to... more

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THE TANZANIA FOOD, DRUGS AND COSMETICS ACT, 2003

Parliament of the United Republic of Tanzania (2003) C1

An Act to provide for the efficient and comprehensive regulation and control of food, drugs, medical devices, cosmetics, herbal drugs and poisons and to repeal the Food (Control of Quality) Act, 1978, the Pharmaceuticals and Poisons Act, 1978 and to provide for related matters.

External Link

Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Chikungunya Fever - 2009

World Health Organization - Regional Office for South-East Asia (2009) CC

This guideline for the prevention and control of chikungunya fever (CF) is intended for use by all peripheral health workers in the Region and is based on the strategy outlined above. This document will focus mainly on preventing, predicting and detecting outbreaks, and after detection, investig... more

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Malaria Entomology And Vector Control - Tutor Guide

World Health Organization (2013) C_WHO

Training module

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Sexual and Reproductive Health of Women and Adolescent Girls Living With HIV

EngenderHealt;; UNFPA (2008)

guidance for health managers, health workers, and activists

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The Primary Care Innovator’s Handbook
recommended

The Center for Health Market Innovations. (2015) C1

Voices from Leaders in the Field

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Addressing the Needs of the Most Vulnerable Communities through Identification and Selection of at-risk Project Sites

Myanmar Red Cross Society (2011) C1

CBDRR Practice. Case Studies 1
No publication year indicated.

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Republic of Congo: Population Movement - Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) MDRCG016

International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies IFRC (2019) C1

On Sunday 16th December 2018, some villages in the Province of Mai-Nambiar, Democratic Republic of Congo, neighboring the district of Makotimpoko in the Republic of Congo (CongoBrazzaville) were affected by inter-ethnic conflict between the Banunu and the Batende. The fighting has resulted in 400 fa... more

WHO guidelines on meningitis diagnosis, treatment and care. Web Annex B. Qualitative and economic evidence reports recommended

WHO guidelines on meningitis diagnosis, treatment and care. Web Annex C. Evidence-to-Decision frameworks recommended

WHO guideline on preventing early pregnancy and poor reproductive outcomes among adolescents in low- and middle-income countries recommended

Essentials of Pharmaceutical Practice - UNIT 29 - Standard Operating Procedures recommended

The Primary Care Innovator’s Handbook recommended

WHO guidelines on meningitis diagnosis, treatment and care. Web Annex B. Qualitative and economic evidence reports
recommended

WHO guidelines on meningitis diagnosis, treatment and care. Web Annex C. Evidence-to-Decision frameworks
recommended

WHO guideline on preventing early pregnancy and poor reproductive outcomes among adolescents in low- and middle-income countries
recommended

Essentials of Pharmaceutical Practice - UNIT 29 - Standard Operating Procedures
recommended

The Primary Care Innovator’s Handbook
recommended