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Government policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use: A systematic review and evidence map

Van Katwyk, S. R.; Grimshaw, J. M.; et al (2019) C2

BACKGROUND: Growing political attention to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) offers a rare opportunity for achieving meaningful action. Many governments have developed national AMR action plans, but most have not yet implemented policy interventions to reduce antimicrobial overuse. A systematic evidenc...e map can support governments in making evidence-informed decisions about implementing programs to reduce AMR, by identifying, describing, and assessing the full range of evaluated government policy options to reduce antimicrobial use in humans. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Seven databases were searched from inception to January 28, 2019, (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PAIS Index, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and PubMed). We identified studies that (1) clearly described a government policy intervention aimed at reducing human antimicrobial use, and (2) applied a quantitative design to measure the impact. We found 69 unique evaluations of government policy interventions carried out across 4 of the 6 WHO regions. These evaluations included randomized controlled trials (n = 4), non-randomized controlled trials (n = 3), controlled before-and-after designs (n = 7), interrupted time series designs (n = 25), uncontrolled before-and-after designs (n = 18), descriptive designs (n = 10), and cohort designs (n = 2). From these we identified 17 unique policy options for governments to reduce the human use of antimicrobials. Many studies evaluated public awareness campaigns (n = 17) and antimicrobial guidelines (n = 13); however, others offered different policy options such as professional regulation, restricted reimbursement, pay for performance, and prescription requirements. Identifying these policies can inform the development of future policies and evaluations in different contexts and health systems. Limitations of our study include the possible omission of unpublished initiatives, and that policies not evaluated with respect to antimicrobial use have not been captured in this review. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge this is the first study to provide policy makers with synthesized evidence on specific government policy interventions addressing AMR. In the future, governments should ensure that AMR policy interventions are evaluated using rigorous study designs and that study results are published. more

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Improved social services and the burden of post-traumatic stress disorder among economically vulnerable people after a natural disaster: a modelling study

Gregory H Cohen, Shailesh Tamrakar, Sarah Lowe, et al. (2019) CC

Lancet Planet Health 2019; 3: e93–101

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Republic of Congo: Population Movement - Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) MDRCG016

International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies IFRC (2019) C1

On Sunday 16th December 2018, some villages in the Province of Mai-Nambiar, Democratic Republic of Congo, neighboring the district of Makotimpoko in the Republic of Congo (CongoBrazzaville) were affected by inter-ethnic conflict between the Banunu and the Batende. The fighting has resulted in 400 fa... more

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Prudent and efficient use of antimicrobials in pigs and poultry

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO (2019) C2

This manual will contribute directly to the fourth focus area of the FAO Action Plan by promoting the prevention of infections and the prudent use of antibiotics in the pig and poultry sectors. The pig and poultry sectors are addressed together, as these sectors generally have the highest use of ant... more

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Global Core Standards for Hospital Anti-microbial Stewardship Programs

Ministry of Public Health, Quatar (2018) C2

International Perspectives and Future Directions

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HEARTS. Accès aux médicaments essentiels et aux technologies de santé de base

Organisation Mondiale de la Santé OMS, et al. (2018) C_WHO

Guide technique pour la prise en charge des maladies cardiovasculaires dans le cadre des soins de santé primaires

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Yemen: FAO Plan of Action 2018-2020

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2018) C1

Strengthening resilient agricultural livelihoods Level 3 responses are activated in the most complex and challenging humanitarian emergencies, when the highest level of mobilization is required across the humanitarian system. Even before the conflict escalated, the country suffered high levels of p... more

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Root and tuber crops: Untapped potential for food and nutrition security and rural livelihood development in Myanmar. Results of a scoping study

Moe Aung FoodSTART+ (2018) C1

This scoping study done in Myanmar offers the chance for FoodSTART+ to explore prospects for future partnerships in another important country of the region. The study was done from October 2016 to February 2017 and included visits to selected major potato and cassava production areas to meet with re... more

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Developing drinking-water quality regulations and standards: general guidance with a special focus on countries with limited resources

World Health Organization (WHO) (2018) CC

Drinking-water quality regulations and standards developed or revised in accordance with this guidance will reflect the best practices identified in the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality to most effectively protect public health. Moreover, the regulations and standards will consider local ne... more

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Composite water management index: a tool for water management

National Institute for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog (2018)

The National Institute for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog has developed the Composite Water Management Index (CWMI) to enable effective water management in Indian states in the face of extreme water stress. The Index and this associated report are expected to: (1) establish a clear baseline and ben... more

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Climate Change, Health, and Equity: A Guide For Local Health Departments

Rudolf,L-; C. Harrison et al. Public Health Institute (2018) CC

This 400 page guide, created by PHI’s Center for Climate Change and Health and the American Public Health Association (APHA), with support from the California Department of Public Health helps local health departments prepare for and mitigate climate change effects—from drought and heat to flood... more

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COP24 special report: health and climate change
recommended

World Health Organization WHO WHO (2018) C_WHO

Exposure to air pollution causes 7 million deaths worldwide every year and costs an estimated US$ 5.11 trillion in welfare losses globally. In the 15 countries that emit the most greenhouse gas emissions, the health impacts of air pollution are estimated to cost more than 4% of their GDP. Actions to... more

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Resource mobilisation for AMR: Getting AMR into plans and budgets of government and development partners / Nepal country report

World Health Organization WHO (2018) C_WHO

Nepal has only recently started its journey on the path to an integrated response to the challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Despite this, it is notable that the Nepal Health Sector Strategy Plan (HSSP)-2 mentions growing antibiotic resistanceas a public health challenge.

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Antibiotic resistance – undoing progress in maternal and child health

ReAct (2018) C2

Antibiotic resistant bacteria are spreading at an alarming rate and some bacterial infections may once again be untreatable. Antibiotic resistance (ABR), conservatively calculated, causes more than 500 000 deaths every year. This number is projected to rise dramatically if radical actions are not ta... more

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Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) Democratic Republic of the Congo : Floods in Kinshasa
recommended

International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (2018) C1

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Community Action Research in Disability (CARD): An Inclusive Research Programme in Uganda

Hartley, S.; et al. Disability, CBR & Inclusive Development Journal (DCIDJ) (2017) CC

The Community Action Research on Disability (CARD) programme in Uganda embraced and modified the EDR approach, recognising the need for including people with disability in the research process from concept to outcome, and nurturing participation and collaboration between all the stakeholders in achi... more

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Indigenous peoples

M. Smelyanskaya, C. Daniels, et al. Stop TB Partnership; UNOPS; END TB (2017) C1

Key populations brief.

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Roadmap for zoonotic tuberculosis

WHO; OiE; FAO; et al. (2017) C_WHO

Zoonotic tuberculosis (TB) is a form of TB in people predominantly caused by the bacterial species, Mycobacterium bovis, which belongs to the M. tuberculosis complex. The implications of zoonotic TB go beyond human health. The organism is host-adapted to cattle, where it is refer... more

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Narok County: 2017 Long Rains Food Security Assessment Report (July 2017)

Government of Kenya (2017) C1

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Promoting partner and couples HIV testing using self-test kits in Kenya

H. Thirumurthy, E. Omanga, B. Obonyo et al. (2017) C1

COP24 special report: health and climate change recommended

Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) Democratic Republic of the Congo : Floods in Kinshasa recommended

COP24 special report: health and climate change
recommended

Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) Democratic Republic of the Congo : Floods in Kinshasa
recommended