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Mpox Testing Strategy - November 2024

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Mpox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus closely related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Mpox was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research. The first human case was recorde...d in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort to eliminate smallpox and since then the infection has been reported in a number of African countries. Mpox can spread in humans through close contact, usually skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, with an infected person or animal, as well as with materials contaminated with the virus such as clothing, beddings and towels, and respiratory droplets in prolonged face to face contact. People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed. The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or through bites or scratches. Diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of material from a lesion for the virus’s DNA. Two separate clades of the mpox virus are currently circulating in Africa: Clade I, which includes subclades Ia and Ib, and Clade II, comprising subclades IIa and IIb. Clade Ia and Clade Ib have been associated with ongoing human-to-human transmission and are presently responsible for outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), while Clade Ib is also contributing to outbreaks in Burundi and other countries. In 2022‒2023 mpox caused a global outbreak in over 110 countries, most of which had no previous history of the disease, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission of clade II through sexual contact. In just over a year, over 90,000 cases and 150 deaths were reported to the WHO. For the second time since 2022, mpox has been declared a global health emergency as the virus spreads rapidly across the African continent. On 13 Aug 2024, Africa CDC declared the ongoing mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS), marking the first such declaration by the agency since its inception in 2017.7 This declaration empowered the Africa CDC to lead and coordinate responses to the mpox outbreak across affected African countries. On August 14, 2024, the WHO declared the resurgence of mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) emphasizing the need for coordinated international response. As of August 2024, Mpox has expanded beyond its traditional endemic regions, with new cases reported in countries including Sweden, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Sweden has confirmed its first case of Clade 1 variant, which has been rapidly spreading in Africa, particularly in DRC. The emergence of this new variant raises concerns about its potential for higher lethality and transmission rates outside Africa. more

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Kenya Health Sector Strategic Plan 2018-2023

World Health Organisation (2018) C_WHO

Transforming Health Systems: Achieving Universal Health Coverage by 2022. The development of the Kenya Health Sector Strategic Plan 2018–2023 is guided by the Constitution of 2010, the Kenya Vision 2030 and the Kenya Health Policy 2014–2030.

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Human Health: Impacts,Adaptation, and Co-Benefits

Smith, K.R., A. Woodward, D. Campbell-Lendrum, D.D. , et al. (2014) CC

In Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Guidance for the African Region

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Antimicrobials are medicines, including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics, that are used to prevent and treat infections in humans, animals, and plants. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) arises when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites no longer respond to these medicines, ren... more

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South African Health Review 2019. Chapters at the glance
recommended

Sanders, S. Health System Trust HST (2020) C1

22nd edition Each of the 20 chapters deals with aspects of the UHC journey, dedicated towards an equitable and inclusive national health system that leaves no-one behind. While some authors describe the fundamental changes and practical considerations required to reconfigure the country's health sy... more

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Avaliação de efetividade das vacinas contra a COVID-19 ORIENTAÇÃO PROVISÓRIA 17 DE MARÇO DE 2021

Organisation Mondiale de la Santé OMS OPAS, OMS (2020) C_WHO

Evaluation of the effectiveness of vaccines against COVID-19 INTERIM GUIDANCE 17 MARCH 2021

External Link

Diagnosis and Clinical Management of Chagas Disease: An Increasing Challenge in Non-Endemic Areas

Suárez, C., Nolder, D., García-Mingo, A. et al. Research and reports in tropical medicine (2022) CC

Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine 2022:13 25–40. Chagas disease (CD) is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, and it is endemic in Central, South America, Mexico and the South of the United States. It is an important cause of early mortality and morbidity, and it is associated with po... more

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Invisible numbers; The true extent of noncommunicable diseases and what to do about them 2022

World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Organization (WHO) (2022) C_WHO

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) – chief among them, cardiovascular diseases (heart disease and stroke), cancer, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases – along with mental health, cause nearly three quarters of deaths in the world. Their drivers are social, environmental, commercial and geneti... more

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Facts for Family Planning
recommended

USAID; FHI360 (2012)

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Findings from othe Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), The Lancet (2019) CC

This booklet provides an overview of all findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study. Published in The Lancet in November 2018, GBD 2017 provides for the first time an independent estimation of population, for each of 195 countries and territories and the globe, using a standardized, repli... more

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APCA Atlas of Palliative Care Africa

Rhee, J.Y.; et al. African Palliative Care Association (2020) C_WHO

The APCA Atlas provides the most up-to-date information of palliative care development in nearly all countries in Africa, using indicators derived, rated, and chosen by in-country African experts followed by a thorough Delphi consensus process with a panel of international experts on palliative care... more

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Protocolo para Abordaje de COVID-19 en Pueblos Indígena, Originario Campesinos y Afrobolivianos

Bolivia, Ministerio de Salud, Gobierno de Estado Plurinacional s (2020) C1

Serie: Documentos Técnico

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Scoping review of interventions to maintain essential services for maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health and older people during disruptive events

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

To support countries in adapting their response to different COVID-19 scenarios, the World Health Organization (WHO) Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing commissioned this scoping review of published and grey literature. The objective was to identify interventions... more

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Populations Rurales - En situation de pauvreté

Stop TB Partnership; UNOPS; END TBc1 (2017) C1

Rapport sur les populations clès Accessed November 2017

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Guidelines for the Prevention of Tuberculosis in Health Care Facilities in Resource-limited Settings

World Health Organization WHO (1999) C_WHO

These guidelines are designed for settings with limited resources to provide inexpensive and effective control strategies for prevention of TB transmission in health care workers (HCW).

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Water, sanitation, hygiene and health

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2019) C_WHO

Safe water, sanitation and hygiene (collectively known as WASH) are crucial for human health and well-being. Yet, millions of people globally lack adequate WASH services and consequently suffer from or are exposed to a multitude of preventable illnesses.

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Guide to the Evaluation of Psychosocial Programming in Emergencies
recommended

UN Children's Fund UNICEF (2009)

This guide focuses on the evaluation of psychosocial programs that are aligned with two main goals: - To promote psychosocial wellbeing by promoting an environment that provides appropriate care, opportunities for development and protects children from exposure to situations that are harmful to thei... more

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Partnerships for African Vaccine Manufacturing (PAVM) Framework for Action

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2022) CC

The African Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the African Union together have called for a New Public Health Order which will safeguard the health and economic security of the continent as it strives to meet the aspirations of the Agenda 2063. A key pillar of this mandate seeks to expan... more

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Barriers to childhood asthma care in sub-Saharan Africa: a multicountry qualitative study with children and their caregivers

Naidoo, K.L.; Dladla, S.; Mphahlele, R.E. et al. BMJ Open (2023) CC

This study identifies barriers and provides recommendations to improve asthma care in children across sub-Saharan Africa, where qualitative data is lacking despite high rates.

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Improving the physical health of adults with severe mental illness: essential actions

Academy of Medical Royal Colleges , England; et al. (2016) C1

This report, written in partnership with various Royal Medical Colleges and Public Health England, sets out the essential actions to improve the physical health of adults with severe mental illness (SMI) across the NHS. The report makes practical recommendations for changes that will help adults wit... more

South African Health Review 2019. Chapters at the glance recommended

Facts for Family Planning recommended

Guide to the Evaluation of Psychosocial Programming in Emergencies recommended

South African Health Review 2019. Chapters at the glance
recommended

Facts for Family Planning
recommended

Guide to the Evaluation of Psychosocial Programming in Emergencies
recommended