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Toolboxes
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2
The Cholera Outbreak Guidelines: Preparedness, Prevention, and Control provide a practical field guide for responding to cholera outbreaks. Developed by Oxfam GB, the guidelines combine lessons from past cholera interventions and best practices for effective outbreak
...
management. The document outlines key strategies, including preparedness planning, rapid response to outbreaks, water and sanitation improvements, hygiene education, and coordination among stakeholders. It covers both non-endemic and endemic cholera outbreaks, offering step-by-step guidance on surveillance, intervention, and monitoring. The aim is to ensure community-based, gender-sensitive, and rapid public health responses to control cholera and minimize mortality.
more
The American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology are excited to provide a series of cardiovascular prevention guidelines for the assessment of cardiovascular risk, lifestyle modifications that reduce risk, management of elevated
...
blood cholesterol, and management of increased body weight in adults.
To support the implementation of these guidelines, the Pooled Cohort Equations CV Risk Calculator and additional Prevention Guideline Tools are available in the tools below as well as the AHA Guidelines On-the-Go Mobile App, found in the Apple Store and Google Play. Others may be developed and available in the near future.
The purpose of the ASCVD Risk Calculator is to estimate a patient’s 10-year ASCVD risk at an initial visit to establish a reference point. ACC/AHA guidelines recommend the use of the PCE as an important starting point, not as the final arbiter, for decision making in primary prevention of ASCVD.
more
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) pose a substantial threat to many health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) where they are already overstretched. In the past few decades, deaths from NCDs in LMICs have spiked, whereas numbers in high-income countries have stabilis
...
ed. Worryingly, a large proportion of deaths from NCDs (29%) in LMICs occur among people younger than 60 years compared with the proportion in high-income countries (13%). This finding has been attributed to poor access to effective and equitable health-care services in most LMICs. The threat of NCDs in LMICs was recognised by the UN 2011 High-Level Meeting, and is now featured in Sustainable Development Goal 3 in the form of reducing premature mortality from NCDs by one-third before 2030. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of deaths from NCDs (ie, 48% of all NCDs deaths). Therefore, substantial reductions in CVDs will have a major impact on reducing the overall burden of NCDs globally. The good news is that most CVDs can be prevented by addressing the key underlying behavioural risk factors, such as physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, tobacco use, and harmful use of alcohol, through population-wide approaches. Among individuals with or at high risk of CVD, early detection and effective management with appropriate counselling and medicines can reduce cardiovascular deaths substantially.
The importance of effective treatment for CVD has been recognised in the Global NCD Action Plan 2013–20, for which one of the nine global targets is that at least 50% of eligible individuals should receive drug therapy and counselling to prevent heart attacks and strokes by 2025.5 Although admirable, this is a hard target to achieve given that secondary prevention strategies in LMICs are often unaffordable or unavailable.
more
Since the discovery of insulin nearly 100 years ago, advances in diabetes treatments and therapies have transformed the lives of people
with diabetes (PwD), notably reducing the daily burden of its management.
Newer technologies, including those d
...
riven by artificial intelligence, have the potential to further improve the quality of life of PwD and help
identify and diagnose people at risk of developing Type 2 diabetes and diabetes-related complications early. However, medical and technological advances alone are not enough to fix the diabetes challenge. It is also critical to acknowledge the complexity and the seriousness of diabetes, its impact on the quality of life and well-being of over 32 million PwD in the EU and the financial burden it represents for health systems and society at large.
more
Now that you have a basic understanding of COPD, you may have some
additional questions. In this 201 guide, we will move beyond the basics.
You will find information and resources for the treatment and management
of COPD, associated conditions, a
...
nd even an action plan to help you avoid
exacerbations.
more
Diabetic retinopathy affects over one-third of people with diabetes and is the leading cause of vision loss in working-age adults. Without effective intervention, the number of people with diabetic retinopathy will increase as global diabetes prevalence rises.
...
Management and screening for diabetic retinopathy should begin in primary healthcare, where providers play a key role in educating patients, arranging eye examinations and referring patients for treatment if necessary.
more
Open WHO Channels
recommended
Search for relevant channels for outbreak management, pandemic prevention, infectious diseases managment
Tanzania, like other developing countries, is facing a higher burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The country is experiencing rapid growth of modifiable and intermediate risk factors that accelerate CVD mortality and morbidity rates. In rural and urban settings, cardiovascular risk factors suc
...
h as tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, overweight, and obesity, are documented to be higher in this review. Increased urbanization, lifestyle changes, lack of awareness and rural to urban movement have been found to increase CVD risk factors in Tanzania. Despite the identification of modifiable risk factors for CVDs, there is still limited information on physical inactivity and eating habits among Tanzanian population that needs to be addressed. Conclusively, primary prevention, improved healthcare system, which include affordable health services, availability of trained health care providers, improved screening and diagnostic equipment, adequate guidelines, and essential drugs for CVDs are the key actions that need to be implemented for cost effective control and management of CVDs. Effective policy for control and management of CVDs should also properly be employed to ensure fruitful implementation of different interventions.
more
Noncommunicable diseases - Regional framework for action
World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
(2024)
C_WHO
The WHO EMRO webpage on the "Regional framework for action" outlines strategies for addressing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) within the Eastern Mediterranean region. The framework provides a roadmap for countries to reduce the prevalence and impact of NCDs such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes
...
, cancer, and respiratory illnesses. It emphasizes preventive measures, health promotion, and the integration of NCD management into primary healthcare systems. Key components include policy development, surveillance, and the mobilization of resources to support sustainable NCD initiatives. The framework aims to strengthen regional collaboration to improve health outcomes related to NCDs.
more
Long-term polio vaccine security – the timely, sustained, and uninterrupted supply of suitable types of affordable, quality-assured polio vaccines – is essential in the global effort to achieve and maintain a polio free world. However, fragmented approaches and short-term planning pose considera
...
ble challenges to securing long-term polio vaccine security.
This framework is designed to enhance the efforts of existing structures and workstreams within the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) and other stakeholders by improving communication and coordination on vaccine security. Ensuring vaccine security is crucial for maintaining a timely, sustained, and uninterrupted supply of affordable, quality-assured polio vaccines in the global fight to achieve and sustain a polio-free world. However, challenges such as fragmented approaches, short-term planning, a dynamic policy environment, and a diverse product pipeline present significant risks to long-term vaccine security. This framework emphasizes the need for alignment and coordination across key polio operational domains, including Poliovirus Containment, Research and Development, and Vaccine Manufacturing and Supply. It also underscores the critical role of normative frameworks and policies in shaping long-term vaccine strategies that guide these operational areas. Additionally, it highlights the importance of cross-cutting elements such as financing and access to resources, along with the integration of communication, coordination, and advocacy efforts, as essential enablers for achieving vaccine security. To secure long-term vaccine supply, it is imperative to enhance alignment and strengthen coordinated efforts across workstreams and with stakeholders, including vaccine manufacturers.
Recognizing that vaccine security is an ongoing endeavor, requiring continuous monitoring and adaptation, this framework will undergo regular updates and revisions. Initially, the management of the framework will be carried out by the GPEI Vaccine Supply Group (VSG).
more
Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes in India
Pradeepa, R.; Mohan, V.
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 69(11):p 2932-2938, November 2021.
(2021)
CC2
The burden of diabetes is high and increasing globally, and in developing economies like India, mainly fueled by the increasing prevalence of overweight/obesity and unhealthy lifestyles. The estimates in 2019 showed that 77 million individuals had diabetes in India, which is expected to rise to over
...
134 million by 2045. Approximately 57% of these individuals remain undiagnosed. Type 2 diabetes, which accounts for majority of the cases, can lead to multiorgan complications, broadly divided into microvascular and macrovascular complications. These complications are a significant cause for increased premature morbidity and mortality among individuals with diabetes, leading to reduced life expectancy and financial and other costs of diabetes leading to profound economic burden on the Indian health care system. The risk for diabetes is largely influence by ethnicity, age, obesity and physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and behavioral habits in addition to genetics and family history. Good control of blood sugar blood pressure and blood lipid levels can prevent and/or delay the onset of diabetes complications. The prevention and management of diabetes and associated complications is a huge challenge in India due to several issues and barriers, including lack of multisectoral approach, surveillance data, awareness regarding diabetes, its risk factors and complications, access to health care settings, access to affordable medicines, etc. Thus, effective health promotion and primary prevention, at both, individual and population levels are the need of the hour to curb the diabetes epidemic and reduce diabetes-related complications in India
more
The Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) was developed to measure the primary goals of asthma management as identified by international guidelines. All guidelines indicate that to achieve good control, treatment should minimise day- and night-time sym
...
ptoms, activity limitation, airway narrowing and rescue bronchodilator use and thus reduce the risk of life-threatening exacerbations and long-term morbidity. Three independent studies have provided evidence that the ACQ is valid for measuring asthma control and has strong measurement properties for use both in clinical practice and research. In addition, the smallest change in score that can be considered clinically important has been determined.
more
This technical briefing paper details the construction and setup of medical isolation facilities in support of infectious disease outbreak responses.
The document focuses on educating children and communities about diarrhoea prevention and management through creative and interactive approaches. It highlights the importance of hygiene practices, oral rehydration solutions (ORS), zinc supplements,
...
and proper nutrition to combat diarrhoea. Developed with the support of Save the Children, the material is designed for use in schools, homes, and community groups, encouraging children to act as messengers of health education to promote lifelong healthy habits.
more
This technical package provides a strategic approach to improving cardiovascular health in countries. It comprises six modules and an implementation guide. This package supports Ministries of Health to strengthen CVD management in primary health car
...
e settings. The practical, step-by step modules are supported by an overarching technical document that provides a rationale and framework for this integrated approach to the management of NCDs.
more
The workshop aimed to support countries in the prioritization and acceleration of NCD prevention and management with a specific focus on accelerating the prevention and control of hypertension and diabetes, identifying the most impactful NCD interve
...
ntions within their context, closing the gaps in cancer care services through regional collaboration and integrating NCD services in when responding to emergencies.
more
Malaria in children presents significant clinical challenges, with variations in presentation based on the malaria parasite involved and the child's underlying health conditions. The World Health Organization reports high incidence rates, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, and emphasizes the import
...
ance of effective treatment strategies. First-line treatment often involves Artemether-Lumefantrine (ALu), while severe malaria requires careful management and the use of intravenous Quinine. Management protocols emphasize early diagnosis and the monitoring of severe complications to reduce mortality.
more
This form should be completed for all health workers who have been exposed to a patient with Ebola, their body fluids, or objects contaminated with body fluids. The form aids in the risk assessment for health workers (HW’s) after exposure to determine the risk categorization of each HW and inform
...
the management of the exposed HW based on risk. This form is applicable for the Ebola virus (EBOV) belonging to Sudan Ebolavirus species and Zaire Ebolavirus species in the Genus Ebolavirus.
more
Clinical managment
recommended
Quality clinical care is at the heart of a robust, effective response to outbreaks. Frontline health workers need evidence-based tools and training to provide safe, effective and quality clinical care.
The Clinical Management channel includes vid
...
eos on a range of diseases, such as Ebola, diphtheria and influenza. The channel also hosts a full course series on COVID-19 which covers a holistic pathway of care of a patient, from screening and triage to rehabilitation and palliative care.
more
The recommendations cover the level of blood pressure to start medication, what type of medicine or combination of medicines to use, the target blood pressure level, and how often to have follow-up checks on blood pressure. In addition, the guideline provides the basis for how physicians and other h
...
ealth workers can contribute to improving hypertension detection and management.
more
