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Screening for cardiovascular disease risk and subsequent management in low and middle income countries: challenges and opportunities

Bovet, P.; Chiolero, A.; Paccaud, F. et al. Public Health Reviews (2015) CC

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD), mainly heart attack and stroke, is the leading cause of premature mortality in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Identifying and managing individuals at high risk of CVD is an important strategy to prevent and control CVD, in addition to multisector ... al population-based interventions to reduce CVD risk factors in the entire population. Methods: We describe key public health considerations in identifying and managing individuals at high risk of CVD in LMICs. Results: A main objective of any strategy to identify individuals at high CVD risk is to maximize the number of CVD events averted while minimizing the numbers of individuals needing treatment. Scores estimating the total risk of CVD (e.g. ten-year risk of fatal and non-fatal CVD) are available for LMICs, and are based on the main CVD risk factors (history of CVD, age, sex, tobacco use, blood pressure, blood cholesterol and diabetes status). Opportunistic screening of CVD risk factors enables identification of persons with high CVD risk, but this strategy can be widely applied in low resource settings only if cost effective interventions are used (e.g. the WHO Package of Essential NCD interventions for primary health care in low resource settings package) and if treatment (generally for years) can be sustained, including continued availability ofaffordable medications and funding mechanisms that allow people to purchase medications without impoverishing them (e.g. universal access to health care). Thisalso emphasises the need to re-orient health systems in LMICs towards chronic diseases management. Conclusion: The large burden of CVD in LMICs and the fact that persons with high CVD can be identified and managed along cost-effective interventions mean that health systems need to be structured in a way that encourages patient registration, opportunistic screening of CVD risk factors, efficient procedures for the management of chronic conditions (e.g. task sharing) and provision of affordable treatment for those with high CVD risk. The focus needs to be in primary care because that is where most of the population can access health care and because CVD programmes can be run effectively at this level. more

Ethiopia: Standard Treatment Guidelines for Health Center

Drug Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia Contents (2014) C1

3rd edition

Indicators and Reference Data: A Practical Tool for Project Managers in Humanitarian Aid

Marie Theres Benner and K. Peter Schmitz Malteser International (2011)

Operational Guideline

Introduction of pneumococcal vaccine PCV10, two dose presentation

World Health Organization (2013)

A handbook for district and health facility staff

Initial clinical management of patients exposed to chemical weapons
recommended

World Health Organization (2014) C_WHO

This interim guidance is aimed at healthcare workers who may receive patients exposed to chemical weapons at their healthcare facilities. It provides questions to guide the identification of contaminated patients, recommendations on personal protection, procedures for decontamin ... more

Hospital safety Index Guide for Evaluators

World Health Organization WHO World Health Organization and Pan American Health Organization (2015) C_WHO

Guide

WHO malaria terminology, 2021 update

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

This updated glossary for malaria aims to improve communication and mutual understanding within the scientific community, as well as with funding agencies, public health officials responsible for malaria programmes, and policy-makers in malaria-endemic countries

National Nutrition Policy for Ghana

Ministry of Health, Ghana (2013) C1

Nigeria: National Strategic Framework on HIV and AIDS: 2017-2021

National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA), Nigeria (2017) C2

Accountability in education: MEETING OUR COMMITMENTS

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (2017) CC

GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT 2017/8

Ending Extreme Poverty: The Call from Catholic Social Thought

Miller A. Integritas (2015) C1

Integritas 4.3 (Fall 2014), pp. 1-30. doi: 10.6017/integritas.v4i3p1

Guideline: infant feeding in areas of Zika virus transmission

World Health Organization WHO (2021) CC

2nd edition, June 2021

Partnerships for African Vaccine Manufacturing (PAVM) Framework for Action

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2022) CC

The African Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the African Union together have called for a New Public Health Order which will safeguard the health and economic security of the continent as it strives to meet the aspirations of the Agenda 2063. A key pillar of this mandate seeks to expan ... more

Epidemiologic and clinical investigations during a chikungunya outbreak in Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil

Monteiro , J.D.; J. Gardel Valverde , I. Camara Morais (2020) CC

PLOS One November 20, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241799 . The first autochthonous case of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection in Brazil was in September 2014 in the State of Amapá, and from there it rapidly spread across the country. The present study was conducted in 2016 in the st ... more

Environmental cleaning and infection prevention and control in health care facilities in low- and middle-income countries

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) C_WHO

Those who clean are the first line of defense against health care-associated infections (HAIs), and support efforts to reduce antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Strengthening the training of this important group can contribute to resolving many of today’s public health challenges. This is importan ... more

Human schistosomiasis

Colley, D.G.; A.L. Bustinduy, W.E. Secor, (2015) CC

Lancet. 2014 June 28; 383(9936): 2253–2264. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61949-2. Review Article

WHO Recommendations for the Prevention and Treatment of Postpartum Haemorrhage
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2012) C_WHO

To provide a foundation for the strategic policy and programme development needed to ensure the sustainable implementation of effective interventions for reducing the global burden of PPH

Improving the physical health of adults with severe mental illness: essential actions

Academy of Medical Royal Colleges , England; et al. (2016) C1

This report, written in partnership with various Royal Medical Colleges and Public Health England, sets out the essential actions to improve the physical health of adults with severe mental illness (SMI) across the NHS. The report makes practical recommendations for changes that will help adults wit ... more

Ghana National Community Health Worker Training Manual. Module I: Community Health Basics

Ministry of Health, Ghana; World Vision (2013) CC