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Mapping Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Use Partnership (MAAP) Country Report Nigeria

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2023) CC

The Mapping Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Use Partnership (MAAP) project has conducted a multi-year, multi-country study that provides stark insights on the under-reported depth of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis across Africa and lays out urgent policy recommendations to addr ... more

Mapping Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Use Partnership (MAAP) Country Report Malawi

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2023) CC

The Mapping Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Use Partnership (MAAP) project has conducted a multi-year, multi-country study that provides stark insights on the under-reported depth of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis across Africa and lays out urgent policy recommendations to addr ... more

Guidance for the continuation of essential health services during COVID-19 pandemic

Africa CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) CC

This document provides guidance for African Union Member States on actions to be taken to ensure they continue to meet all the health needs of their citizens in accordance with achieving the objectives of the Africa Health Strategy 2016 – 2030.

Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ... is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

Mpox Surveillance Reporting Protocol for African Union Member States

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2024) CC

On 13 August 2024, the Africa Centres for Disease Control (Africa CDC) declared the multi-country mpox outbreak a public health emergency of continental security, with strong recommendations to improve surveillance and vaccine deployment in all AU Member States. On 14 August 2024, the WHO Director-G ... more

Know Your Epidemic through COVID-19 Testing

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) C2

Accessed: 31.03.2020

HIV/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2017

A. Pharris; A. Stengaard World Health Organization (Europe); European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2017) C_WHO

2016 data The report was coordinated by Anastasia Pharris and Annemarie Stengaard. Report review and production support were provided by Andrew J. Amato-Gauci, Mike Catchpole, Denis Coulombier, Masoud Dara, Nedret Emiroglu, Rachel Katterl, Shahin Khasiyev, Valentina Lazdina, Teymur Noori, Marc ... more

Management of Type 2 Diabetes. Training Manual

WHO Collaborating Centre for Capacity Building and Research in Community-based Noncommunicable Disease Prevention and Control, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India. World Health Organization WHO, India (2019) C_WHO

WHO Package of Essential NCD Interventions (PEN) Accessed March 18,2019

Review of the national tuberculosis programme in Romania

P. de Colombani, V. Hollo, N. Jansen, et al. World Health Organization; European Centre for disease prevention and Control (2015) C_WHO

10–21 March 2014

Tuberculosis surveillance and monitoring in Europe 2020-2019 data

World Health Organization; European Centre for disease prevention and Control (2021) C_WHO

Surveillance Report

Guidance on Community Physical Distancing During COVID-19 Pandemic

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) C_CDC

This guidance document addresses how physical distancing (referred to in previous guidance documents as ‘social distancing’) can help slow down transmission.

Introduction to HIV, AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infection Surveillance - Surveillance of Most-At-Risk Populations (MARPS)

United States Department of Health and Human Services; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (HHS-CDC); Global AIDS Program (GAP); et al. United States Department of Health and Human Services; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (HHS-CDC); Global AIDS Program (GAP); et al. (2012) C2

Participant Manual September 2012 Surveillance of Populations at High Risk for HIV Transmission

Africa CDC Event-based Surveillance Framework: interim version 2018

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Africa CDC (2018) CC

Event-based surveillance (EBS) is defined as the organized collection, monitoring, assessment and interpretation of mainly unstructured ad hoc information regarding health events or risks, which may represent an acute risk to health. Both indicator-based and event-based surveillance components serve ... more

Preparedness and Response for Chikungunya Virus Introduction in the Americas

Pan American Health Organization; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2011) C_WHO

These guidelines provide guidance on how to detect an outbreak of the disease, conduct pertinent epidemiological investigations, and prevent or mitigate the spread of the disease throughout the Region. We encourage everyone working to apply these guidelines to take into account all the knowledge ava ... more

Community use of face masks
recommended

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) C1

Update 1 October 2020. This document provides guidance to Member States on the effective use of face masks/coverings in the community by individuals without COVID-19 symptoms in order to reduce potential transmission of SARS-CoV-2.a It also provides advice on the use of masks during home care for ... more

COVID 19 Vaccine Perceptions: A 15 country study
recommended

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention; World Health Organization WHO, et al. (2021) CC

Initial public health responses to control the pandemic focused on promoting protective behaviors among the general population, including frequent hand washing, physical distancing and the use of face masks in public spaces However, many saw these only as interim measures to reduce the spread of the ... more

Income loss and food security during the pandemic

Partnership for Evidence-Based Response to COVID-19 (PERC) African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention; Ipsos; et al. (2021) CC

Key findings from a February 2021 survey from the Partnership for Evidence-Based Response to COVID-19 (PERC)

COVID-19 Scientific and Public Health Policy Update – (6 July 2022)

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2022) C1

This bi-weekly brief details the latest developments in scientific knowledge and public health policy from around the world as well as updates to the COVID-19-related guidance from Africa CDC, WHO and other public health agencies.