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MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 4 December 2020. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6949e2
A summary of health effects, resources, and adaptation examples from health departments funded by CDC’s Climate and Health Program
In 2022, a total of 6,131 confirmed malaria cases were reported across the EU/EEA. Of these, 5,375 had a known importation status and nearly all (99.8%) were travel-related. Only 13 infections were acquired within Europe, with seven occurring in France, three in Germany, two in Spain and one in Irel
...
and. A distinct seasonal peak was observed from July to September, reflecting travel to malaria-endemic regions. Notification rates were higher among men than women, with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1. France reported the highest number of cases, followed by Germany, Spain, Italy and Belgium. After dropping sharply in 2020 due to travel restrictions imposed during the pandemic, overall notification rates increased again in 2021 and 2022, reaching 0.8 cases per 100,000 people. These findings emphasise that malaria in Europe is predominantly an imported disease closely linked to international travel, with sporadic local transmission being rare.
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The document provides a standardized protocol for evaluating the Early Warning Alert and Response Network (EWARN), a surveillance system used during humanitarian emergencies when regular national health surveillance may be disrupted. The purpose of EWARN is to detect outbreaks of communicable diseas
...
es early and enable rapid public health response. The guidance explains how the system should be assessed in terms of its structure, implementation, effectiveness, and usefulness. It outlines the key steps of evaluation: preparation, system description, data collection, and post-evaluation reporting. The protocol highlights common challenges observed in previous EWARN implementations, such as delays in establishing the system, limited data quality, weak outbreak response, and lack of clear transition plans back to routine surveillance systems. It emphasizes the need to evaluate both weekly disease reporting and alert verification processes, and to review attributes such as simplicity, data quality, timeliness, sensitivity, and stability. The document also provides templates for interviews, data review forms, and laboratory assessment, as well as guidance on conducting remote evaluations when access is limited. The overall goal of the protocol is to ensure that EWARN functions effectively to detect and respond to outbreaks and that practical recommendations are developed to improve the system’s performance and sustainability in emergency settings.
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Introduction to the Core Curriculum on Tuberculosis: What the Clinician Should Know
Center for Disease Control and Prevention
(2013)
Sixth Edition
MMWR. Recommendations and Reports:
December 16, 2005 / 54(RR15);49-55
Surveillance Report - Annual Epidemiological Report for 2016 - HIV and AIDS
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
(2018)
C2
Community Assessment For Public Health Emergency Response (Casper) Toolkit; third edition 3.2
recommended
2nd edition
Pink Book's chapter
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2015
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(2015)
CC
Please read online the lastest updated versions http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/qa.html
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Early Release Vol. 64 ; 1 May 2015
Clinician Outreach and Communication Activity (COCA) Call
April 12, 2016
MMWR: Recommendations and Reports / Vol. 62 / No. 9
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
October 25, 2013