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6 necessary steps for cleaner air

European Environmental Bureau; Air Pollution & Climate Secretariat; ClientEarth; Health and Environmental Alliance; Transport & Environment (2019) CC

For the past 10 years, the EU Ambient Air Quality Directives have been an essential tool to drive action against air pollution.

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COPD Wheel - International Primary Care - Respiratory Group

International Primary Care Respiratory Group (IPCRG) International Primary Care Respiratory Group (IPCRG) (2024) CC2

The document is a visual guide created by the IPCRG for managing COPD, focusing on self-management, treatment options (such as inhaler use, pulmonary rehabilitation, and medications), and addressing comorbidities. It highlights the importance of personalized care plans, patient education, risk reduc... more

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Introducing the IPCRG

International Primary Care - Respiratory Group International Primary Care - Respiratory Group (2024) CC2

The International Primary Care Respiratory Group (IPCRG) is a clinically-led charitable company that works locally in primary care and collaborates globally to improve respiratory health. Our vision is that, through universal access to the right care, everyone can breathe and feel well.

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) Fact Sheet

African Health Organisation (2020) CC

CVDs are the number 1 cause of death globally: more people die annually from CVDs than from any other cauAn estimated 17.5 m

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Learning about Diabetes - Diabetes care Handouts - Bengali

Learning about Diabetes, Inc. (2019) CC2

What is Diabetes? Diabetes means you have too much sugar in your blood. High blood sugar problems starts when your body no longer makes enough of chemical, or hormone, called insulin.

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Type 2 Diabetes Health Risks Poster

Emirates Diabetes Society (2024) CC2

Poster

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Understanding Type 2 Diabetes - Know the risk factors

Diabetes.co.uk. the global diabetes community (2024) CC2

People are diagnosed with diabetes every 3 minutes. If you think you’re at risk, speak to your doctor.

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Type 2 Diabetes - Are you at risk?

Diabetes.co.uk. the global diabetes community (2024) CC2

Poster Type 2 Diabetes - Are you at risk? does this sound like you? book an appointment with your GP

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Diabetes management plan por person in care

Diabetes Qualified (2022) CC

Management Plan

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Type II Diabetes Poster

Wallace, L. SlideShare (2016) CC2

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic condition characterized by insulin resistance and an inability to properly regulate blood sugar levels. The two most important risk factors for T2DM are a family history of diabetes and obesity, though age, race, diet, and exercise level also impact risk.... more

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

Key facts - Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. - An estimated 17.9 million people died from CVDs in 2019, representing 32% of all global deaths. Of these deaths, 85% were due to heart attack and stroke. - Over three quarters of CVD deaths take place in low- an... more

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Health Care Resource Utilization in Adults Living With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in the South African Public Health Sector: Protocol for a 1-Year Retrospective Analysis With a 5-, 10-, and 25-Year Pro

Bhana, S.; Naidoo, P.; Pillay, S.; et al. Jornal of Medical Internet Research JMIR Publication Published on 13.2.2023 in Vol 12 (2023) (2023) CC

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is less common than type 2 diabetes mellitus but is increasing in frequency in South Africa. It tends to affect younger individuals, and upon diagnosis, exogenous insulin is essential for survival. In South Africa, the health care system is divided into private and pu... more

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Global, regional, and national burden and trend of diabetes in 195 countries and territories: an analysis from 1990 to 2025

Lin, X.; Xu,Y.; Pan, X.; et al. Scientific reports (2020) CC2

Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of mortality and reduced life expectancy. We aim to estimate the burden of diabetes by type, year, regions, and socioeconomic status in 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years, which provide information to achieve the goal of World Health Organizatio... more

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Global burden of peripheral artery disease and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Kim, M.S.; Hwang, J.; Yon, D.K. et al. The Lancet Global Health (2023) CC

Background: Peripheral artery disease is a growing public health problem. We aimed to estimate the global disease burden of peripheral artery disease, its risk factors, and temporospatial trends to inform policy and public measures. Methods: Data on peripheral artery disease were modelled using the... more

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Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2022 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

Tsao, C.W.; Aday, A.W.; Almarzooq, Z.I. et al. Circulation (2022) CC

The American Heart Association, in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, diet, and weight) and health factors ... more

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Cardiovascular heart disease

British Heart Foundation (2019) CC

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), also called heart and circulatory disease, is an umbrella name for conditions that affect your heart or circulation. These include high blood pressure, stroke and vascular dementia.

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World Health Organization cardiovascular disease risk charts: revised models to estimate risk in 21 global regions

The WHO CVD Risk Chart Working Group The Lancet Global Health (2019) CC

To help adapt cardiovascular disease risk prediction approaches to low-income and middle-income countries, WHO has convened an effort to develop, evaluate, and illustrate revised risk models. Here, we report the derivation, validation, and illustration of the revised WHO cardiovascular disease risk ... more

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Respiratory Effects of Exposure to Diesel Traffic in Persons with Asthma

McCreanor, J.; Cullinan, P.; Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J.; et al. The New England Journal of Medecine (2007) CC2

Air pollution from road traffic is a serious health hazard, and people with preexisting respiratory disease may be at increased risk. We investigated the effects of short-term exposure to diesel traffic in people with asthma in an urban, roadside environment.

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Adverse Effects of Crystalline Silica Exposure

American Thoracic Society (1996) CC2

This American Thoracic Society Statement was prepared by a Committee of the Scientific Assembly on Environmental and Occupational Health at the request of the American Lung Association Occupational Health Expert Advisory Group to emphasize the continuing importance of silicosis as a major lung disea... more

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South African cardiovascular risk stratification guideline for non-cardiac surgery

Alphonsus, C.; Naidoo, N.; Motshabi, P. et al. South African Medical Journal (2021) CC

The South African (SA) guidelines for cardiac patients for non-cardiac surgery were developed to address the need for cardiac risk assessment and risk stratification for elective non-cardiac surgical patients in SA, and more broadly in Africa. The guidelines were developed by updating the Canadian ...Cardiovascular Society Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiac Risk Assessment and Management for Patients Who Undergo Non-cardiac Surgery, with a search of literature from African countries and recent publications. The updated proposed guidelines were then evaluated in a Delphi consensus process by SA anaesthesia and vascular surgical experts. The recommendations in these guidelines are: 1. We suggest that elective non-cardiac surgical patients who are 45 years and older with either a history of coronary artery disease, congestive cardiac failure, stroke or transient ischaemic attack, or vascular surgical patients 18 years or older with peripheral vascular disease require further preoperative risk stratification as their predicted 30-day major adverse cardiac event (MACE) risk exceeds 5% (conditional recommendation: moderate-quality evidence). 2. We do not recommend routine non-invasive testing for cardiovascular risk stratification prior to elective non-cardiac surgery in adults (strong recommendation: low-to-moderate-quality evidence). 3. We recommend that elective non-cardiac surgical patients who are 45 years and older with a history of coronary artery disease, or stroke or transient ischaemic attack, or congestive cardiac failure or vascular surgical patients 18 years or older with peripheral vascular disease should have preoperative natriuretic peptide (NP) screening (strong recommendation: high-quality evidence). 4. We recommend daily postoperative troponin measurements for 48 - 72 hours for non-cardiac surgical patients who are 45 years and older with a history of coronary artery disease, or stroke or transient ischaemic attack, or congestive cardiac failure or vascular surgical patients 18 years or older with peripheral vascular disease, i.e. (i) a baseline risk >5% for MACE 30 days after elective surgery (if no preoperative NP screening), or (ii) an elevated B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)/N-terminal-prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) measurement before elective surgery (defined as BNP >99 pg/mL or a NT-proBNP >300 pg/mL) (conditional recommendation: moderate-quality evidence). Additional recommendations are given for the management of myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery (MINS) and medications for comorbidities. more