Epidemiology
Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, and transmitted to humans by infected triatomine bugs, and less commonly by transfusion, organ transplant, from mother to infant, and in rare instances, by ingestion of contaminated food or... drink.1-4 The hematophagous triatomine vectors defecate during or immediately after feeding on a person. The parasite is present in large numbers in the feces of infected bugs, and enters the human body through the bite wound, or through the intact conjunctiva or other mucous membrane.
Vector-borne transmission occurs only in the Americas, where an estimated 8 to 10 million people have Chagas disease.5 Historically, transmission occurred largely in rural areas in Latin America, where houses built of mud brick are vulnerable to colonization by the triatomine vectors.4 In such areas, Chagas disease usually is acquired in childhood. In the last several decades, successful vector control programs have substantially decreased transmission rates in much of Latin America, and large-scale migration has brought infected individuals to cities both within and outside of Latin America.
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Tropical Medicine and International Health volume 21 no 1 pp 101-107 january 2016
The Government of Botswana’s SRH Policy Guidelines and Service Standards document provides the framework for developing a responsive strategy and an implementation plan for SRHR and HIV&AIDS Linkages and Integration. The global call on governments to demonstrate commitments to intensify linkages b...etween sexual and reproductive health and HIV&AIDS at the policy and programme level is therefore an added opportunity for the government to review the current service provision model and optimize current resources to provide more integrated, comprehensive coordinated SRHR and HIV&AIDS services.
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16-17 November 2017,
Hotel Djeugua, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Meeting Report December 2017
Frontiers in Public Health | www.frontiersin.org 1 June 2017 | Volume 5 | Article 127
Tokar A, et al. Sex Transm Infect 2019;95:193–200. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2018-053684
World Aids Day, 1. December 2018
Commemorating 30 Years
Accessed: 05.10.2019
Euro Surveillance 2014;19(47):pii=20970, p.31-37
Child Survival Working Group
Accessed: 18.10.2019
The 5 years plan to scale up HIV Testing and Counselling Services in Malawi 2006-2010
PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210937
February 5, 2019
Country Progress Report January 2008 - December 2009
UNAIDS 2016, Reference
HIV care and support taking into account the 2016 WHO consolidated guidelines