Front Public Health . 2025 Jun 23:13:1609615. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1609615. eCollection 2025. Key findings reveal the prevalent use of machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and natural language processing (NLP), which often integrate diverse data sources (e.g., epidemiological, web, climate, wastewater). The major benefits identified include earlier outbreak detection and improved prediction accuracy. However, significant challenges persist regarding data quality and bias, model transparency (the "black box" issue), system integration difficulties, and ethical considerations such as privacy and equity.