This paper examines Japan’s ODA to the Philippines from a historical perspective. It traces the evolution of aid institutions and policy framework over time; the disbursement patterns and strategic priorities of Japanese assistance to the Philippines and the evolving and deepening aid relations of the two nations. In doing so, the research highlights the role of initial aid priorities and practices and their persistence over time. Japan’s ODA to the Philippines came in four waves which were shaped by critical historical juncture. The case of the Philippines demonstrates that the interests of the donor and Philippine leaders crucially shape the aid priorities and programs.