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Infrastructure, policy and regulatory interventions to increase physical activity to prevent cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: a systematic review

Durão, S.; Burns, J.; Schmidt, B. et al. BMC Public Health (2023) CC

Background Noncommunicable diseases are major contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Modifying the risk factors for these conditions, such as physical inactivity, is thus essential. Addressing the context or circumstances in which physical activity occurs may promote physical activity a...t a population level. We assessed the effects of infrastructure, policy or regulatory interventions for increasing physical activity. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase and clinicaltrials.gov to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled before-after (CBAs) studies, and interrupted time series (ITS) studies assessing population-level infrastructure or policy and regulatory interventions to increase physical activity. We were interested in the effects of these interventions on physical activity, body weight and related measures, blood pressure, and CVD and type 2 diabetes morbidity and mortality, and on other secondary outcomes. Screening and data extraction was done in duplicate, with risk of bias was using an adapted Cochrane risk of bias tool. Due to high levels of heterogeneity, we synthesised the evidence based on effect direction. Results We included 33 studies, mostly conducted in high-income countries. Of these, 13 assessed infrastructure changes to green or other spaces to promote physical activity and 18 infrastructure changes to promote active transport. The effects of identified interventions on physical activity, body weight and blood pressure varied across studies (very low certainty evidence); thus, we remain very uncertain about the effects of these interventions. Two studies assessed the effects of policy and regulatory interventions; one provided free access to physical activity facilities and showed that it may have beneficial effects on physical activity (low certainty evidence). The other provided free bus travel for youth, with intervention effects varying across studies (very low certainty evidence). Conclusions Evidence from 33 studies assessing infrastructure, policy and regulatory interventions for increasing physical activity showed varying results. The certainty of the evidence was mostly very low, due to study designs included and inconsistent findings between studies. Despite this drawback, the evidence indicates that providing access to physical activity facilities may be beneficial; however this finding is based on only one study. Implementation of these interventions requires full consideration of contextual factors, especially in low resource settings. more

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Paying Primary Health Care Centers for Performance in Rwanda

Basinga, P., Gertler, P.J., Binagwaho, A., et al. The World Bank (2010) C2

Paying for performance (P4P) provides financial incentives for providers to increase the use and quality of care. P4P can affect health care by providing incentives for providers to put more effort into specific activities, and by increasing the amount of resources available to finance the delivery ... more

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Intervention manual for the integrated managment of skin neglected tropcial diseases

Countdown (2021) CC

This manual details a collaboratively developed intervention to detect and refer Buruli ulcer, Hydrocele, Leprosy and Lymphedema cases through the use of integrated approaches at community levels. This intervention has been developed as part of the consortium in partnership with the Nigerian Feder... more

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Travel and transport risk assessment: Interim guidance for public health authorities and the transport sector

World Health Organization WHO (2014)

This guidance document includes background information on Ebola virus disease, Ebola emergency committee recommendations, risks for different groups, and information for travellers from and to affected countries.

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Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice surveys Zika virus disease and potential complications. Resource pack

World Health Organization (2016) C_WHO

This is a resource pack for a Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) surveys about Zika virus and its suspected complications such as microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. This resource and associated advice was requested by governments and response partners as a way to rapidly obtain valuab... more

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Alzheimer's disease facts and figures

J. Gaugler, Ph.D.; B. James, Ph.D.; T. Johnson, Ph.D., et al. Alzheimer's Association (2018) C2

Includes a Special Report on the Financial and Personal Benefits of Early Diagnosis 2018 Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures is a statistical resource for U.S. data related to Alzheimer’s disease, the most common cause of dementia. Background and context for interpretating the data are con... more

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National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Strategic Plan

Government of Malawi; Ministry of Health Malawi (2024) CC2

Malawi is a landlocked country with a surface area of 118,484 km2. Administratively, the country is divided into three regions, namely the Northern, Central and Southern regions. The country has 28 districts, which are further divided into traditional authorities (TA) ruled by chiefs. The TAs are su... more

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Cardiovascular disease risk profile and management practices in 45 low-income and middle-income countries: A cross-sectional study of nationally representative individual-level survey data

Peiris, D.; Ghosh, A.; Manne-Goehler, J. et al. PLoS Medicine (2021) CC

Global cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden is high and rising, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Focussing on 45 LMICs, we aimed to determine (1) the adult population’s median 10-year predicted CVD risk, including its variation within countries by socio-demographic char... more

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National Primary Health Care Development Agency: Preparedness and response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at primary healthcare and community level
recommended

Government of Nigeria (2020) C1

This document sets out the preparedness and response plan of the Nigerian Primary Health Care System for COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Disease. It outlines the planning scenarios, key areas of work and priority activities required for the Primary Health Care Sector to quickly scale up its core capacity... more

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Sustaining Effective Coverage for HIV, Tuberculosis, and Malaria in the Context of Transition in Tanzania

Fleisher, Lisa; Mehtsun, Sinit; Arias, Daniel Results for Development (R4D) (2017) C1

R4D conducted a thorough desk review and qualitative fiscal space analysis, 19 interviews about financing for the three diseases and the extent of alignment between public financial management systems and health policy objectives, and a validation workshop with government officials.
Tanzania’... more

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Projecting the risk of mosquito-borne diseases in a warmer and more populated world: a multi-model, multi-scenario intercomparison modelling study

Colón-González, F.J.; M. Odhiambo Sewe, A.M Tompkins et al. The Lancet (2021) CC

Mosquito-borne diseases are expanding their range, and re-emerging in areas where they had subsided for decades. The extent to which climate change influences the transmission suitability and population at risk of mosquito-borne diseases across different altitudes and population densities has not be... more

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SOP Standard Operating Procedures for Coordinating Public Health Event Preparedness and Response in the WHO African Region
recommended

World Health Organization, Regional Office Africa (2014) C_WHO

This SOP guides AFRO management, incident responders, and the Support for Health Operations Centre (SHOC) on managing public health events, detailing processes from event detection and risk assessment to resource mobilization and communication between country offices, the Regional Office, and WHO He... more

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Acute Chagas Disease: New Global Challenges for an Old Neglected Disease

Andrade, D.; Gollob, K.; Dutra, W. PLoS Neglected Tropical diseases (2015) CC

Abstract: Chagas disease is caused by infection with the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, and although over 100 years have passed since the discovery of Chagas disease, it still presents an increasing problem for global public health. A plethora of information concerning the chronic phase of human Chaga... more

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Malawi National Communication and Advocacy Strategy for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

United States Agency for International Development; President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief; National AIDS Commission MAlawi (2022) CC

Evidence shows that oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) reduces the risk of contracting HIV during sexual intercourse by more than 90% when taken daily. It is for this reason the National HIV Prevention Strategy 2015-2020 (2018 Revision) emphasises the role of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in ... more

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Vaccines and immunization for monkeypox: Interim guidance, 16 November 2022

World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO

The goal of the global outbreak response for monkeypox is to stop human-to-human transmission of monkeypox, with a priority focus on communities at high risk of exposure which may differ according to context, and to effectively use strong public health measures to prevent onward spread of the diseas... more

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Laboratory Guidance for the Diagnosis of Ebola Virus Disease
recommended

World Health Organization (2014) C_WHO

Interim Recommendation published 19 September 2014. These recommendations reflect current understanding of Ebola virus disease (EVD) and are intended for national laboratory staff performing diagnostic testing to detect Ebola virus.

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Ending disease in Africa: vision, strategies and special initiatives, 2023-2030

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) C_WHO

While there has been real progress in addressing the burden of disease in the WHO African region, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the link between health, economics and security, as the region saw decades of progress threatened, including positive trends in decreasing inequality. In the Africa... more

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Healthy environments for healthier populations: why do they matter and what can we do?

World Health Organisation WHO (2019) C_WHO

Known avoidable environmental risks to health cause at least 12.6 million deaths every year, and account for about one quarter of the global burden of disease (2016 data) (1). Air pollution alone causes about 7 million deaths a year, placing it among the top global risks to health (2). Global envir... more

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Implementing WHO evidence-based interventions for adolescents and young adults living with and affected by HIV

World Health Organization WHO (2024) C_WHO

Adolescents and young adults aged 10-24 remain underserved in the global response against HIV. Combination prevention, treatment and care programmes use a mix of evidence-based interventions to meet the current HIV prevention needs of adolescents and young adults. However, there needs to be a focus ... more

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Interim Guidance on Public Health and Social Measures for COVID-19 Preparedness and Response Operations in Low Capacity and Humanitarian Settings

Inter-Agency Standing Committee IASC (2020) C1

This Interim Guidance outlines how key public health and social measures needed to reduce the risk of COVID-19 spread and the impact of the disease can be adapted for use in low capacity and humanitarian settings. The recommendations outlined here need to be adjusted to the scale of transmission, co... more

National Primary Health Care Development Agency: Preparedness and response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at primary healthcare and community level recommended

SOP Standard Operating Procedures for Coordinating Public Health Event Preparedness and Response in the WHO African Region recommended

Laboratory Guidance for the Diagnosis of Ebola Virus Disease recommended

National Primary Health Care Development Agency: Preparedness and response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at primary healthcare and community level
recommended

SOP Standard Operating Procedures for Coordinating Public Health Event Preparedness and Response in the WHO African Region
recommended

Laboratory Guidance for the Diagnosis of Ebola Virus Disease
recommended