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Catalogue of interventions addressing vaccine hesitancy

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2017) C1

This catalogue provides tools and information resources to support EU/EEA countries in addressing the challenging issue of vaccine hesitancy. The catalogue provides examples of practices that can serve as a resource for other countries. The project was developed in the context of ECDC’s support fo... more

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Considerations related to the safe handling of bodies of deceased persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2020) C1

This document aims to support public health preparedness planning and response activities on the safe handling of bodies of deceased persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19: at the site of death, during transport, storage and preparation before burial/cremation, and during burial/cremation.

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Contact tracing: Public health management of persons, including healthcare workers, having had contact with COVID-19 cases in the European Union -third update

European Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ECDC (2020) C_CDC

This document aims to help EU/EEA public health authorities in the tracing and management of persons, including healthcare workers, who had contact with COVID-19 cases. It outlines the key steps of contact tracing, including contact identification, listing and follow-up, in the context of the COVID-... more

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Evaluation of ECDC Ebola deployment in Guinea

Kokki, M.; Safrani, N. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2017) C1

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Le port du masque facial dans la Communauté

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2020) C1

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Stratégies proposées pour gérer les graves pénuries d'Equipement de Protection Individuelle (EPI) pendant la pandémie de la COVID-19
recommended

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) C1

This guidance provides considerations and a series of options that can be used to inform country strategies in managing any shortages of personal protective equipment.Re-use and reprocessing of single-use PPE must be a last resort temporary measure to be adopted until stocks are replenished. The WH... more

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Тестування на туберкульозну інфекцію та скринінг на туберкульоз серед біженців, які прибувають до країн Європи з України

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2022) C1

7 April 2022. Aimed at national policymakers, public health and healthcare planners, staff working in reception centres, and healthcare staff caring for displaced persons, the information note concludes that universal testing of incoming refugees from Ukraine for tuberculosis (TB) infection is not r... more

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Epidemiological update: Monkeypox multi-country outbreak

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2022) CC

9 June 2022. This report presents an update of monkeypox confirmed cases in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) and worldwide

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Diretrizes Africanas de Tratamento com Antibióticos para Infeções e Síndromes Bacterianas Comuns

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy (2021) CC

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COVID-19 Actualização de Políticas Científicas e de Saúde Pública – (21 de Abril de 2020)

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2020) CC

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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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Guidelines on the Management of Sexually‐Transmitted Infections (STI) In Pregnancy

National Center for Disease Prevention and Control Department of Health, Philippines (2010) C1

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Monkeypox multi-country outbreak. Rapid Risk Assessment

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2022) C2

Cases of monkeypox (MPX) acquired in the EU have recently been reported in nine EU Member States (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the Netherlands). Monkeypox (MPX) does not spread easily between people. Human-to-human transmission occurs through close contact ... more

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Considerations relating to social distancing measures in response to the COVID-19 epidemic- second update

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2020) C1

Social distancing is an action taken to minimise contact with other individuals; social distancing measures comprise one category of non-pharmaceutical countermeasures (NPCs)1 aimed at reducing disease transmission and thereby also reducing pressure on health services. This document builds upon exi... more

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Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2016) C1

The aim of this handbook is to provide network members and other laboratories involved in the diagnosis of tuberculosis, with an agreed list of key diagnostic methods and their protocols in various areas of TB diagnosis, ranging from microbiological diagnosis of active TB to the diagnosis of latent ... more

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Critical aspects of the safe use of personal protective equipment

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2014)

A training tutorial for healthcare professionals This ECDC tutorial presents the fundamental concepts of personal protective equipment (PPE) and barrier nursing to support preparedness in hospitals across Europe. It provides practical information on the proper use of PPE at the point of care, inclu... more

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Lignes directrices africaines sur le traitement antibiotique des infections et des syndromes bacteriens courants

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy (2021) CC

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Stratégie de développement et d’accès au vaccin contre la COVID-19

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) C1

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Assouplir le verrouillage

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) CC

Considérations pour l’assouplissement des mesures sociale et de sante publique (MSSP), y compris le verrouillage dans les États membres de l’Union Afrique En réponse aux premiers cas de maladie à coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) signalés sur le continent, de nombreux États membres de l'Union a... more

Stratégies proposées pour gérer les graves pénuries d'Equipement de Protection Individuelle (EPI) pendant la pandémie de la COVID-19 recommended

Stratégies proposées pour gérer les graves pénuries d'Equipement de Protection Individuelle (EPI) pendant la pandémie de la COVID-19
recommended