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Infrastructure, policy and regulatory interventions to increase physical activity to prevent cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: a systematic review

Durão, S.; Burns, J.; Schmidt, B. et al. BMC Public Health (2023) CC

Background Noncommunicable diseases are major contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Modifying the risk factors for these conditions, such as physical inactivity, is thus essential. Addressing the context or circumstances in which physical activity occurs may promote physical activity a...t a population level. We assessed the effects of infrastructure, policy or regulatory interventions for increasing physical activity. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase and clinicaltrials.gov to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled before-after (CBAs) studies, and interrupted time series (ITS) studies assessing population-level infrastructure or policy and regulatory interventions to increase physical activity. We were interested in the effects of these interventions on physical activity, body weight and related measures, blood pressure, and CVD and type 2 diabetes morbidity and mortality, and on other secondary outcomes. Screening and data extraction was done in duplicate, with risk of bias was using an adapted Cochrane risk of bias tool. Due to high levels of heterogeneity, we synthesised the evidence based on effect direction. Results We included 33 studies, mostly conducted in high-income countries. Of these, 13 assessed infrastructure changes to green or other spaces to promote physical activity and 18 infrastructure changes to promote active transport. The effects of identified interventions on physical activity, body weight and blood pressure varied across studies (very low certainty evidence); thus, we remain very uncertain about the effects of these interventions. Two studies assessed the effects of policy and regulatory interventions; one provided free access to physical activity facilities and showed that it may have beneficial effects on physical activity (low certainty evidence). The other provided free bus travel for youth, with intervention effects varying across studies (very low certainty evidence). Conclusions Evidence from 33 studies assessing infrastructure, policy and regulatory interventions for increasing physical activity showed varying results. The certainty of the evidence was mostly very low, due to study designs included and inconsistent findings between studies. Despite this drawback, the evidence indicates that providing access to physical activity facilities may be beneficial; however this finding is based on only one study. Implementation of these interventions requires full consideration of contextual factors, especially in low resource settings. more

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A New Agenda for Mental Health in the Americas: Report of the Pan American Health Organization High-Level Commission on Mental Health and COVID-19

Pan American Health Organisation PAHO (2024) C_WHO

Unmet mental health needs in the Region of the Americas are a leading source of morbidity and mortality, which result in tremendous health, social, and economic consequences. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the mental health crisis in the Region, necessitating urgent action at the highest leve... more

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Zambia: National HIV & AIDS Strategic Framework 2017-2021
recommended

National HIVAIDS (2017) C1

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Operational Guidelines on Community Care Centres

National AIDSControl (NACO), Government of India; Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2007) C1

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Healthier Populations in Africa

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) C_WHO

Promoting health and preventing disease is a critical component of the effort required to achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC). to date, efforts to achieve UHC have focused mostly on strengthening health systems and their capacities to provide curative care. However, experience from the COVID-19 ... more

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COVID-19: Occupational health and safety for health workers
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

Interim guidance 2 February 2021 . Available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Ukranian, Russian Health workers are at the front line of the COVID-19 outbreak response and as such are exposed to different hazards that put them at risk. Occupational hazards include exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and othe... more

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Testing for Ethnic Discrimination in Outpatient Health Care: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Germany

M. Halla; Kah, C.; Sausgruber, R. Johannes Kepler University Linz (2022) CC

To test for ethnic discrimination in access to outpatient health care services, we carry out an email-correspondence study in Germany. We approach 3,224 physician offices in the 79 largest cities in Germany with fictitious appointment requests and randomized patients’ characteristics. We find t... more

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Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems in the context of COVID-19: first update

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2020) C1

The first update of the ECDC ventilation guidance document contains: key new findings that emphasise four bundles of NPIs to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in closed spaces; updated references on the evidence of transmission in closed spaces; recommendations based on the n... more

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Core Set of Indicators & Indicator Data Sheets for Health and Social Health Protection

Deutsche Gesellschaft fü; r Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH ;; KfW (2012)

The Core Set of Indicators and respective Indicator Data Sheets aim to pave the way towards a common understanding, greater consistency and comparability across countries and alignment of results chains of German Development Cooperation in the field of health and social health protection with the in... more

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Let our Actions Count. Reflections on NSP 2012-2016 and moving forward to NSP 2017-2022

South African National AIDS Council (2017) C1

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Managing TB Medicines at the Primary Level

USAID; Management Sciences for Health (2008) C1

April 2008

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A case for Financial Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities - CBM Livelihood Technical Guideline

Christoffel Blinden Mission (CBM) & Center for Financial Inclusion at Accion (CFI) (2016)

This technical guideline highlights barriers faced by persons with disabilities and makes recommendations to CBM Member Associations, Regional Offices and partners on how to engage with the financial sector to promote equitable financial inclusion of persons with disabilities.

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Maintaining a safe and adequate blood supply and collecting convalescent plasma in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic (Arabic Version)

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

: interim guidance, 17 February 2021 This document provides interim guidance on the management of the blood supply in response to the pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). It emphasizes the importance of being prepared and responding quickly and outlines key actions and measures that... more

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Optimizing active case-finding for tuberculosis

World Health Organization. Regional Office for South-East Asia (2021) C_WHO

he WHO South-East Region in 2019 accounted for nearly a million missing TB patients from the estimated incidence. Active case-finding (ACF) or systematic screening for tuberculosis is an important tool to reach out to missing TB patients. When appropriately implemented, the activity is cost effectiv... more

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Kenya Quality Model for Health: A Training Course for the Health Sector

Ministry of Health, Kenya USAID (2014) C1

Empowering Health Workers to Improve Service Delivery. This training program is designed to build the capacity of program managers and health providers in quality management, and improve the provision of high-quality health services. Please download the chapters directly from the website: https://w... more

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Minimum Standards on Duty of Care in the Context of COVID-19
recommended

Inter-Agency Standing Committee IASC (2020) CC

Focusing on preventing and mitigating COVID-19 related risks, the standards aim to protect the health and safety of personnel, while ensuring that organizations continue to deliver on their mandates. Attention is paid to non-discrimination and ensuring that all personnel, regardless of nationality o... more

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MHGAP forum and launch of the world suicide report

World Health Organization (2014) C_WHO

Sixth Meeting of the mhGAP Forum Hosted by WHO in Geneva on 4-5 September 2014 Summary Report

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What people living with HIV need to know about HIV and COVID-19

UNAIDS (2020) CC

COVID-19 is a serious disease and all people living with HIV should take all recommended preventive measures to minimize exposure to, and prevent infection by, the virus that causes COVID-19. As in the general population, older people living with HIV or people living with HIV with heart or lung prob... more